循环水养殖系统（RAS）生物载体上微生物群落结构变化分析

为研究循环水养殖系统(recirculating aquaculture systems,RAS)生物滤池挂膜及运行过程中生物载体上微生物群落结构的变化及其脱氮机制,采用传统微生物培养方法,对不同时期生物载体上的异养细菌、氨氧化细菌及硝化菌进行堵养计数.并通过变性梯度凝胶电泳技术,对细菌的16S rDNA V3可变区的...     

Catalytic bubble-free hydrogenation reduction of azo dye by porous membranes loaded with palladium nanoparticles

Catalytic bubble-free hydrogenation reduction of azo dye by porous membranes loaded with palladium （Pd） nanoparticles was studied for the first time. The effects of Pd loading, dye concentration and reuse repetitions of membranes were investigated. In reduction, the dye concentration decreased whereas the pH rose gradually. An optimal Pd loading was found. The catalytic membranes were able to be reused more than 3 times.     

曝气强度对膜生物反应器处理石化废水工艺运行特征的影响

采用膜生物反应器(Membrane Bioreactor,MBR)处理石化废水,研究曝气强度分别为1.50,3.00 m3/(m2·h)的条件下,MBR对石化废水中主要污染物的去除特征、跨膜压差(Trans Membrane Pressure,TMP)和混合液性质的变化特征。结果表明:在两种曝气强度条件下MBR对COD、NH+4-N及挥发酚等污染物的平均去除率分别为80.74%、80.23%、96.79%和97.55%、99.34%、98.84%,即在不同曝气条件下,曝气强度的变化对MBR的污染物去除性能无显著影响。但随着曝气强度由1.50 m3/(m2·h)增加到3.00 m3/(m2·h),MBR达到设定的最大跨膜压差(TMPMax=25k Pa)的运行时间由11.8 d增加到31.4 d,TMP上升速率降低。通过活性污泥颗粒粒径分析发现:增加曝气强度后,对膜污染影响显著的活性污泥颗粒粒径范围(0~2μm)所占体积比由2.10%减小到1.78%;并且混合液中溶解性微生物产物(soluble microbial product,SMP)和胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substance,EPS)质量浓度分别由24.07 mg/L和15.66 mg/g减小到15.14 mg/L和9.81 mg/g,从而降低了膜污染速率。     

Inhibitory effects of nisin-coated multi-walled carbon nanotube sheet on biofilm formation from Bacillus anthracis spores

Multi-walled carbon nanotube（MWCNT） sheet was fabricated from a drawable MWCNT forest and then deposited on poly（methyl methacrylate） film. The film was further coated with a natural antimicrobial peptide nisin. We studied the effects of nisin coating on the attachment of Bacillus anthracis spores, the germination of attached spores, and the subsequent biofilm formation from attached spores. It was found that the strong adsorptivity and the super hydrophobicity of MWCNTs provided an ideal platform for nisin coating. Nisin coating on MWCNT sheets decreased surface hydrophobicity, reduced spore attachment, and reduced the germination of attached spores by 3.5 fold, and further inhibited the subsequent biofilm formation by 94.6% compared to that on uncoated MWCNT sheet. Nisin also changed the morphology of vegetative cells in the formed biofilm.The results of this study demonstrated that the anti-adhesion and antimicrobial effect of nisin in combination with the physical properties of carbon nanotubes had the potential in producing effective anti-biofilm formation surfaces.     

MBR出水后置化学除磷研究

选用不同的化学除磷药剂及固液分离方式,针对膜生物反应器出水进行后置化学除磷静态试验研究。试验表明,在MBR出水平均浓度为(6.0±0.3)mg/L时,在化学药剂的最佳投药量和混凝时间的条件下,TP可以稳定达到一级A标准,去除率达到95%以上;滤液达一级A标准,氯化铝、氯化铁、聚合硫酸铁、硫酸铝最佳投加量为1.5 mol/mol,硫酸铁、聚合硫酸铝最佳投加量为3.0 mol/mol,最佳混凝时间均为10 min;滤纸和滤膜可以有效分离混凝混合液中的TP,滤液TP可稳定达一级A标准,而微网对混合液中粒径小于D10的颗粒无法分离,致使滤液TP无法达标;PAM投加后,絮体粒径显著增大,固液分离效果也相应增强。微网分离效果较投加前有了明显提高,滤液TP可稳定达到一级B标准。     

Dyes adsorption using a synthetic carboxymethyl cellulose-acrylic acid adsorbent

Removal of noxious dyes is gaining public and technological attention. Herein grafting polymerization was employed to produce a novel adsorbent using acrylic acid and carboxymethyl cellulose for dye removal. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy verified the adsorbent formed under optimized reaction conditions. The removal ratio of adsorbent to Methyl Orange, Disperse Blue 2BLN and malachite green chloride reached to 84.2%, 79.6% and 99.9%, respectively. The greater agreement between the calculated and experimental results suggested that pseudo second-order kinetic model better represents the kinetic adsorption data. Equilibrium adsorptions of dyes were better explained by the Temkin isotherm. The results implied that this new cellulose-based absorbent had the universaiity for removal of dyes through the chemical adsorption mechanism.     

Fouling distribution in forward osmosis membrane process

Fouling behavior along the length of membrane module was systematically investigated by performing simple modeling and lab-scale experiments of forward osmosis （FO） membrane process. The flux distribution model developed in this study showed a good agreement with experimental results, validating the robustness of the model. This model demonstrated, as expected, that the permeate flux decreased along the membrane channel due to decreasing osmotic pressure differential across the FO membrane. A series of fouling experiments were conducted under the draw and feed solutions at various recoveries simulated by the model. The simulated fouling experiments revealed that higher organic （alginate） fouling and thus more flux decline were observed at the last section of a membrane channel, as foulants in feed solution became more concentrated. Furthermore, the water flux in FO process declined more severely as the recovery increased due to more foulants transported to membrane surface with elevated solute concentrations at higher recovery, which created favorable solution environments for organic adsorption. The fouling reversibility also decreased at the last section of the membrane channel, suggesting that fouling distribution on FO membrane along the module should be carefully examined to improve overall cleaning efficiency. Lastly, it was found that such fouling distribution observed with co-current flow operation became less pronounced in counter- current flow operation of FO membrane process.     

日本膜技术的发展与产业化及其借鉴意义

对日本膜技术发展历史及现状进行了系统梳理。研究表明,经过数十年持续不断的投入,日本膜技术已广泛应用在净水处理、生活污水处理、工业废水处理及脱盐等领域,并在国际市场占据重要地位。虽然受本土市场规模的局限,超滤微滤膜在日本给水处理领域的处理规模仅为1.3×106m3d,反渗透膜脱盐能力为1.44×106m3d,但日本的超滤微滤膜在全球给排水领域的应用约为1.0×107m3d,反渗透膜产品在全球的应用超过3.0×107m3d。建议我国膜企业应借鉴日本膜产业的发展经验,加大膜企业的研发投入,加强膜技术的研发创新能力,通过提供更高性价比的产品和卓越的技术服务开拓国际市场。     

膜曝气生物反应器处理模拟啤酒废水的研究

以聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维膜构建无泡曝气膜生物反应器(MABR)处理模拟啤酒废水,在保持进水COD∶TN∶TP=100∶5∶1条件下,通过正交实验确定反应器的最佳运行条件,并在此条件下考察了反应器对啤酒废水中COD、氨氮和总磷的去除能力。研究表明,反应器对啤酒废水中的COD、氨氮有着良好的去除效果,系统稳定时COD与氨氮的平均去除率分别为88.6%和92.4%,此外MABR工艺具有较强的抗有机负荷冲击能力。但反应器对总磷的去除效果不够理想,平均去除率在30%左右。     

降解纤维素产甲烷的四菌复合系

自然环境中通常是微生物群落协同完成纤维素的降解,构建可降解纤维素的混菌体系是认识微生物相互作用的关键.利用富集培养法,结合变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)指纹检测技术以及厌氧滚管技术,建立了一种筛选简单降解纤维素产甲烷复合菌系的方法.利用此方法从青藏高原若尔盖高寒湿地分离到一个由4株菌构成的降解纤维素产甲烷的稳定菌系.结果表明,该复合菌系由纤维素水解菌Clostridium glycolicum、非纤维素水解菌Trichococcus flocculiformis和Parabacteroides merdae、产甲烷古菌Methanobacterium subterraneum等具有不同功能的4种菌株组成,且在这4株菌的共同作用下可将纤维素直接转化为CH4.该简单复合系的获得为今后纤维素转化甲烷复合菌系的代谢控制和遗传改造提供了一个平台.