太原城区PM_(2.5)重金属元素季节变化及形态分析

为了研究太原城区PM_(2.5)重金属污染变化特征和存在形态,于2012年不同季节采用大流量PM_(2.5)采样器,对太原市坞城区PM_(2.5)进行采样。运用火焰/石墨炉原子吸收、Fernández连续提取等方法,在对PM_(2.5)中5种重金属含量水平进行分析测试的基础上,对不同重金属的富集因子进行了计算和分析,并研究了其中Cd和Pb的不同化学形态分布特征。研究结果表明,采样期间PM_(2.5)日均浓度高达216.71μg/m3,为PM_(2.5)国家二级标准日均限值的2.89倍。4个季节PM_(2.5)中5种重金属元素的浓度大小,均呈现出相同的变化规律:ZnPbCuCrCd,Pb、Cr、Cu冬季高于其他季节,Zn夏季最高,Cd无明显季节变化,燃煤和超重型工业结构特征是导致PM_(2.5)中Cr和Cu明显高于其它城市的主要原因。重金属的富集因子计算结果表明,Cd和Pb是太原市PM_(2.5)中的典型污染元素。冬季PM_(2.5)中Cd和Pb形态分析结果表明,Cd和Pb 3种形态F1、F2和F3占比之和分别为81%和68%,Cd的活性和潜在活性均大于Pb,因此,太原城区PM_(2.5)中Cd和Pb对人体健康的影响应引起高度重视。     

青岛市不同空气质量下可培养生物气溶胶分布特征及影响因素

利用Andersen空气微生物采样器采集青岛市不同空气质量下的可培养生物气溶胶,分析了其浓度和粒径分布特征,并利用Spearman’s相关性分析了可培养生物气溶胶浓度和空气质量指数中的颗粒物质量浓度〔ρ(PM₁₀)、ρ(PM_2.5)〕、气体污染物质量浓度〔ρ(O₃)、ρ(SO₂)、ρ(NO₂)〕和气象参数(温度、相对湿度、风速)之间的关系.结果表明:可培养真菌和细菌气溶胶浓度范围分别为133～1 113和13～212 CFU/m3.真菌气溶胶浓度与ρ(SO₂)、ρ(PM₁₀)、ρ(PM_2.5)均呈正相关,而与相对湿度呈显著负相关(P<0.05).细菌气溶胶浓度与ρ(NO₂)、ρ(SO₂)呈负相关,而与ρ(O₃)、温度呈正相关.风速对可培养生物气溶胶浓度的影响较小.以AQI(空气质量指数)中ρ(PM₁₀)为依据,将研究时间段空气质量划分为4个空气污染等级.在不同污染等级下,真菌气溶胶均呈对数正态分布,粒径主要分布于2.1～4.7 μm.低污染时细菌气溶胶呈偏态分布(粒径>4.7 μm),高污染时粒径分布发生改变.初步推断,随着空气污染等级的升高,可培养生物(真菌+细菌)气溶胶总浓度增加,但单位颗粒物上的浓度变化较稳定.ρ(PM₁₀)是影响可培养生物气溶胶浓度及粒径分布的主要因素.      

南京近郊农田大气颗粒物及金属干沉降输入特征

大气颗粒物中重金属干沉降输入是农业区域重金属的重要来源之一,但当前对农业区大气重金属沉降的观测研究较少.通过对南京近郊典型稻麦轮作区定点连续1 a采样,分析了不同粒径大气颗粒物和其中10种金属元素的浓度,并利用大叶模型估算其干沉降通量.结果表明,颗粒物浓度和干沉降通量均呈现冬春高、夏秋低的变化趋势;冬春季颗粒物污染为粗粒子(2.1～9.0μm)和细粒子(<2.1μm)的双重作用,而夏秋季则主要为细粒子的作用;金属元素浓度在巨粒子(>9.0μm)中占比最低,在粗粒子和细粒子中相当,而Pb、 Mn、 As和Cd在细粒子中占比较高;10种金属元素的年均干沉降通量[mg·(m²·a)^-1]大小为：Ca(2 096.4)>Al(1 710.4)>Zn(855.0)>Fe(256.1)>Pb(40.35)>Cu(31.93)>V(26.21)>Mn(9.10)>As(2.48)>Cd(0.28).研究结果为更加全面地认识人类活动对农产品质量安全和土壤生态环境的影响提供参考依据.     

改性纳米碳黑用于重金属污染土壤改良的研究

采用培养试验,研究了添加改性纳米碳黑对江西贵溪污染土壤中有效态Cu和Zn含量的影响,并对比研究了包施和混施效果差异,同时还通过温室盆栽试验研究了改性纳米碳黑对黑麦草生物量和黑麦草对Cu和Zn的吸收量以及土壤Cu和Zn形态的影响.结果表明,添加改性纳米碳黑可以降低土壤中有效态Cu和Zn的含量.与对照相比,培养60d后,添加1%、3%和5%改性纳米碳黑的土壤有效态Cu含量分别降低了47.3%、72.0%和80.9%,有效态Zn含量分别降低了3.0%、17.7%和43.6%.同等材料用量下包施不如混施的钝化效果好,且所用时间要长,但包施具有将所施材料和被吸附的重金属移出土壤体系的优点.土壤中添加改性碳黑可以促进黑麦草的生长,降低Cu和Zn在黑麦草地上部的积累量同时降低了土壤中Cu和Zn交换态和碳酸盐结合态,而增加有机物及硫化物结合态含量.     

再悬浮过程中河流底泥PAHs的迁移与释放

利用再悬浮模拟(particle entrainment simulator,PES)装置模拟了河流底泥在受到上层扰动力后的再悬浮过程.结果表明,沉积物性质如粒径组成及PAHs含量对沉积物再悬浮过程中PAHs的释放影响显著.再悬浮过程中上覆水体总悬浮颗粒物(total suspended solids,TSS)含量与颗粒态PAHs之间存在极显著相关关系.切应力对再悬浮过程中PAHs释放的影响体现在两方面.一方面,单位体积的颗粒态PAHs随切应力增大而增大;另一方面,悬浮颗粒上PAHs的富集效应随切应力增大而减弱,是由于切应力强烈导致吸附作用弱的大颗粒进入水体.上覆水体中的PAHs总量在一段时间上升后于120 min或240min趋于稳定,而颗粒态与溶解态之间具有良好响应.高低环PAHs释放行为差异显著,由于中高环PAHs的疏水性,上覆水体中检测到的多为3~4环个体.     

Compositions and sources of organic acids in fine particles (PM2.5) over the Pearl River Delta region, south China

Organic acids as important constituents of organic aerosols not only influence the aerosols' hygroscopic property, but also enhance the formation of new particles and secondary organic aerosols. This study reported organic acids including C14–C32fatty acids, C4–C9dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids in PM2.5collected during winter 2009 at six typical urban, suburban and rural sites in the Pearl River Delta region. Averaged concentrations of C14–C32fatty acids, aromatic acids and C4– C9 dicarboxylic acids were 157, 72.5 and 50.7 ng/m3, respectively. They totally accounted for 1.7% of measured organic carbon. C20–C32fatty acids mainly deriving from higher plant wax showed the highest concentration at the upwind rural site with more vegetation around, while C14–C18fatty acids were more abundant at urban and suburban sites, and dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids except 1,4-phthalic acid peaked at the downwind rural site. Succinic and azelaic acid were the most abundant among C4–C9dicarboxylic acids, and 1,2-phthalic and 1,4-phthalic acid were dominant aromatic acids. Dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids exhibited significant mutual correlations except for 1,4-phthalic acid, which was probably primarily emitted from combustion of solid wastes containing polyethylene terephthalate plastics. Spatial patterns and correlations with typical source tracers suggested that C14–C32fatty acids were mainly primary while dicarboxylic and aromatic acids were largely secondary. Principal component analysis resolved six sources including biomass burning, natural higher plant wax, two mixed anthropogenic and two secondary sources; further multiple linear regression revealed their contributions to individual organic acids. It turned out that more than 70% of C14–C18fatty acids were attributed to anthropogenic sources, about 50%–85% of the C20–C32fatty acids were attributed to natural sources, 80%–95% of dicarboxylic acids and 1,2-phthalic acid were secondary in contrast with that 81% of 1,4-phthalic acid was primary.     

Characteristics of atmospheric particles and heavy metals in winter in Chang-Zhu-Tan city clusters, China

To understand the pollution characteristics of atmospheric particles and heavy metals in winter in Chang-Zhu-Tan city clusters, China, total suspended particulate(TSP) and PM10samples were collected in cities of Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan from December 2011 to January 2012, and heavy metals of Cd, Pb, Cr, and As were analyzed. It shows that the average TSP concentration in Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan were(183 ± 73),(201 ± 84) and(190 ± 66) μg/m3respectively, and the average PM10 were(171 ± 82),(178 ± 65) and(179 ± 55) μg/m3respectively. The lowest TSP and PM10concentrations occurred at the background Shaping site of Changsha. The average ratio of ρ(PM10)/ρ(TSP) was 91.9%, ranging from 81.3% to 98.9%. Concerning heavy metals, in TSP samples, the concentration of Cr, As, Cd and Pb were 28.8–56.5, 18.1–76.3, 3.9–26.1 and 148.0–460.9 ng/m3, respectively, while in PM10samples, were 16.4–42.1, 15.5–67.9, 3.3–22.2 and 127.9–389.3 ng/m3, respectively. The enrichment factor of Cd was the highest, followed by Pb and As, while that of Cr was the lowest.     

FBC-DPF在柴油机颗粒物控制中的应用研究

目前针对加装FBC-DPF(燃油添加剂-柴油机颗粒捕集器)后的柴油机放特性研究较少,并且缺乏FBC-DPF对颗粒物中PAHs排放量的影响效果研究. 为全面评估加装FBC-DPF后柴油机颗粒物排放特性和FBC-DPF对柴油机尾气中的颗粒物排放污染控制效果,在发动机台架上对装有FBC-DPF的重型柴油机进行了颗粒物排放特性试验. 利用电子低压撞击仪(ELPI)测量加装FBC-DPF前、后柴油机颗粒物的数浓度与粒径分布,用玻璃纤维滤膜采集加装FBC-DPF前、后尾气中的固相PAHs,利用色谱质谱联用仪对加装FBC-DPF前、后尾气中的固相PAHs进行定量分析. 结果表明:①加装FBC-DPF后柴油机排放的颗粒物数浓度大幅降低,FBC-DPF对尾气中颗粒物的捕集效率平均值在95%左右;②加装FBC-DPF后柴油机固相PAHs总比排放量有所降低,在大负荷区域降幅在25.0%~88.0%之间;③加装FBC-DPF前的颗粒物中位直径为30~89nm,而加装FBC-DPF后的颗粒物中位直径为41~98nm,平均增幅为38.2%. 对于国Ⅳ及未来国Ⅴ柴油机排放法规,FBC-DPF是解决柴油机颗粒物排放的有效手段;此外,FBC-DPF可以大幅降低柴油机尾气中的有毒成分,并且能够适应高含硫量的燃油环境.      

FBC-DPF在柴油机颗粒物控制中的应用研究

目前针对加装FBC-DPF(燃油添加剂-柴油机颗粒捕集器)后的柴油机放特性研究较少,并且缺乏FBC-DPF对颗粒物中PAHs排放量的影响效果研究.为全面评估加装FBC-DPF后柴油机颗粒物排放特性和FBC-DPF对柴油机尾气中的颗粒物排放污染控制效果,在发动机台架上对装有FBC-DPF的重型柴油机进行了颗粒物排放特性试验.利用电子低压撞击仪(ELPI)测量加装FBC-DPF前、后柴油机颗粒物的数浓度与粒径分布,用玻璃纤维滤膜采集加装FBC-DPF前、后尾气中的固相PAHs,利用色谱质谱联用仪对加装FBC-DPF前、后尾气中的固相PAHs进行定量分析.结果表明:①加装FBC-DPF后柴油机排放的颗粒物数浓度大幅降低,FBC-DPF对尾气中颗粒物的捕集效率平均值在95%左右;②加装FBC-DPF后柴油机固相PAHs总比排放量有所降低,在大负荷区域降幅在25.0%～88.0%之间;③加装FBC-DPF前的颗粒物中位直径为30～89 nm,而加装FBC-DPF后的颗粒物中位直径为41～98 nm,平均增幅为38.2%.对于国Ⅳ及未来国Ⅴ柴油机排放法规,FBC-DPF是解决柴油机颗粒物排放的有效手段;此外,FBC-DPF可以大幅降低柴油机尾气中的有毒成分,并且能够适应高含硫量的燃油环境.     

近地面大气颗粒物粒度与粒形特征

选择大气颗粒物污染代表性城市石家庄市,利用挂片法采集采暖期与非采暖期大气颗粒物样品,在CIS-50粒度粒形仪上进行视频通道测试,并利用扫描电镜对颗粒表面形态进行观察,得出颗粒物粒度分布、粒形参数及形貌特征.结果显示,大气颗粒物粒度分布为连续多峰曲线形态,粒径范围为0.8～120 μm,集中于10 μm以下,粒度均值变化为4.086 0～7.622 7 μm,标准差随粒度均值增大而增大;粒形参数中形状因子均值变化为0.718 3～0.899 3,分维度均值变化为1.041 1～1.072 0.上述数据均呈现在非采暖期间小于采暖期间的特征.扫描电镜观察表明大气颗粒物多为表面粗糙的块状形貌,粒度较大;团聚状次之,并呈粗、细2种团聚形态;球体颗粒粒度最小.分析认为,石家庄市近地面大气颗粒物粒度粒形变化受地面排放影响强烈,采暖期新增颗粒物粒度为5～8 μm,粒形为近圆形及圆形,呈聚合体形态;PM₅数量比与近方形及正方形颗粒数量比呈较好正相关,r 为0.945 8,与近圆形及圆形颗粒数量比呈负相关,r 为-0.972 6,PM₅在大气颗粒物粒度粒形变化中可能有重要影响.