Adaptation of microbial communities to multiple stressors associated with litter decomposition of Pterocarya stenoptera

To understand the further impacts of multiple stressors in freshwater, we investigated the effects of heavy metal(HM, Cu and Zn) and nutrient enrichments(nitrogen and phosphorus, NP) on microbial decomposition of Pterocarya stenoptera litter and the associated extracellular enzyme activities and microbial biomass with microcosms. Results showed that the decomposition rates were slower in the polluted stream waters than those in the unpolluted ones, which corresponded to lower microbial biomass and integrated enzyme activities of cellulose and β-glucosidase. The decomposition rates were accelerated at low HM level, which was associated with the stimulated enzyme activities of hydrolytic enzymes or was stimulated by both NP levels in polluted stream waters. In particular, the hydrolase enzyme activities of microbial communities in polluted stream waters were stimulated by low HM level, suggesting that low HM level-stimulated litter decomposition may be due to the increased enzymatic activities. When microbial communities were exposed to HM and NP simultaneously, the inhibitory effect(in unpolluted stream waters) or the stimulated effect(in polluted stream waters) of low HM concentration was enhanced and attenuated, respectively, which suggests that the NP antagonistic effect against HM toxicity on litter decomposition may contribute to the litterassociated extracellular enzyme activities. These results suggest that the co-occurrence of HM and NP may have antagonistic effects on stream ecosystem functioning.     

土壤微生物活性对石油原油、铅镉及其复合污染的响应

随着工农业生产的迅猛发展、石油原油及重金属等原材料的广泛开采与使用,使石油原油、重金属及其复合污染日趋加重,对环境及人类的危害也越来越大.采用室内培养试验,利用人工模拟污染土壤,研究石油原油、铅镉及其复合污染胁迫对土壤微生物活性的影响.试验设置4个处理:1新鲜土壤(S)作为对照;21000 mg·kg~(-1)石油原油污染土壤(SP);3500 mg·kg~(-1)铅和50 mg·kg~(-1)镉污染土壤(SH);41000mg·kg~(-1)石油原油污染、500 mg·kg~(-1)铅和50 mg·kg~(-1)镉复合污染土壤(SPH).结果表明:与对照相比,SH、SP、SPH处理土壤基础呼吸强度最高分别增加约100.99%、36.61%、25.80%,铅镉污染(SH)对土壤基础呼吸影响最显著,反映出重金属污染对土壤基础呼吸的激活作用最强;石油原油污染(SP)与石油原油及铅镉复合污染(SPH)刺激土壤微生物量碳增加,SP处理最高增加了90.25%,而铅镉污染(SH)则使土壤微生物量碳减少.不同土壤酶对污染处理的响应不同,其中,石油原油污染(SP)对FDA水解酶及脱氢酶活性表现为激活作用;石油原油或石油原油及铅镉复合污染(SP、SPH)对脲酶及过氧化氢酶活性主要表现为激活作用,而铅镉污染(SH)对脲酶及过氧化氢酶活性主要表现为抑制作用.该研究表明,石油原油及铅镉复合污染对土壤微生物活性的影响与石油原油或铅镉污染的影响不同,它们之间存在着明显的交互作用.     

ABR反应器处理碱减量印染废水的启动研究

对折流板厌氧反应器(ABR)处理碱减量印染废水的启动过程进行了实验研究.ABR接种厌氧颗粒污泥,以模拟碱减量印染废水作为启动进水,在温度为32～35℃,进水pH值为7.8～8.3条件下,采用低负荷方式启动ABR.反应器经过了70 d共6个阶段的连续运行后完成启动,实现了对碱减量印染废水的高效稳定运行.稳定运行反应器的平均容积负荷(以COD计)达到1.93 kg·(m3.d)-1,出水pH值7.3左右,COD平均去除率为78%以上.启动后期ABR各隔室功能分区较为明显并且形成了性能良好的厌氧颗粒污泥,相对于启动前期各隔室内颗粒污泥的粒径增大,沉降性能变好,颗粒污泥的f(MLVSS/MLSS)值均达到0.65以上.启动完成后各隔室内的微生物具有较高活性,ABR中厌氧颗粒污泥的平均DHA浓度(以TF计)和平均辅酶F420浓度分别为88.8μ(g·h)-1和0.18μmol·g-1.     

Study on the sensitivity to cadmium of marine fish Salaria basilisca（Pisces： Blennidae）

The present study tested the sensitivity of Salaria basilisca to water-cadmium (Cd) contamination. For this purpose, liver somatic index (LSI), Cd concentrations and the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured in the liver of S. basilisca exposed to Cd-contaminated water (2 mg Cd/L as CdCl2) for 14 and 28 d. The results showed that the LSI decreased significantly after 14 and 28 d of Cd-exposure. Cd bioaccumulation in the liver resulted in an increasing uptake up to 42 g/g dry weight after 28 d of exposure. Activities of CAT and SOD were significantly increased with increasing exposure time. A significant increase in GSH-Px activity, under Cd influence, was observed during 14-day exposure period (p < 0.0001). However, a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in this activity with respect to control fish was registered after 28 d of Cd-exposure. These results showed that Cd accumulation in the liver of S. basilisca could induce oxidative stress as demonstrated by changes in the antioxidant enzyme activities. Results also emphasized that S. basilisca may considered as a sensitive species to Cd exposure.     

太湖水体中碱性磷酸酶的空间分布及生态意义

在对太湖生态湖区进行分区的基础上,监测各湖区水体碱性磷酸酶活性、动力学参数以及常规水环境化学指标,探讨水体碱性磷酸酶活性的空间分布特征及其环境影响因素.结果表明,太湖水体碱性磷酸酶活性(APA)、最大反应速率(Vmax)值及碱性磷酸酶反应米氏常数(Km)值分布均呈空间异质性;APA与Vmax值具有相似性的空间分布规律,即西岸河口区水体中APA值与Vmax值最大,分别为(9.43±5.30)nmol.(L.min)-1和(13.70±7.42)nmol.(L.min)-1,在其他湖区依次为湖心区>草型湖区>梅梁湾区>竺山湖区>贡湖区;草型湖区Km值(20.50±11.30)μmol.L-1>贡湖区>竺山湖区>梅梁湾区>湖心区>西岸河口区(9.17±3.46)μmol.L-1.太湖水体中Vmax与pH、总磷(TP)、叶绿素a(Chla)之间均存在显著的线性正相关,其相关系数分别为rpH=0.651 2**(p<0.01)、rTP=0.488 5**(p<0.01)、rChla=0.765 6**(p<0.01),但与水温、溶解性总磷(DTP)、正磷酸盐(PO43--P)无显著的相关性;Km值与TP浓度间呈显著的线...     

焦化废水中降解酚优势菌漆酶活性研究

本实验选取哈依煤气反应器内的活性污泥沉降物作为菌源,以邻甲基酚做为唯一碳源,分离纯化得菌株Enterobacter sp.j11,测定酚浓度、温度、pH值及同酚浓度下的时间变化对于菌株产漆酶活性的影响。结果表明：温度35℃～40℃、pH6.5～7.5、酚800 mg/L条件下菌株生长状态佳,酶活性高;酚浓度一定800 mg/L时,测定了24 h内漆酶随时间的变化,得知菌株8 h后即适应高酚条件。说明该菌株适应能力强、产漆酶稳定。     

用磷酸铵镁沉淀法去除沈阳老虎冲垃圾渗滤液中氨氮的实验研究

叙述了磷酸铵镁沉淀法去除垃圾渗滤液中氨氮的基本原理,分析了MAP法对氨氮的去除效果,对比了不同的镁盐及不同的反应时间对氨氮的去除效率。结果表明,MAP法对氨氮的去除效率高,产物中重金属的含量低。同时,氧化镁比氯化镁具有更好的氨氮去除综合优势。     

离子色谱法测定降水中磷酸根离子

使用青岛普仁公司PIC-10离子色谱仪,测定降水中磷酸根离子,从样品的采集、实验条件选择、标准曲线绘制到方法精密度和准确度等分析,总结了淋洗液最佳流速和配比浓度,归纳了测定磷酸根离子的注意问题。     

不动杆菌（Acinetobacter sp.）降解4-氯酚的特性及机制研究

富集培养从受污染土壤中分离到的能够以4-氯酚为唯一碳源和能源的微生物,16S rDNA序列分析表明,该微生物为Acinetobacter sp..其降解4-氯酚的机制为邻位裂解途径,氯代邻苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶的活性可以通过氯酚的诱导显著提高.当氯酚的初始浓度范围为2～8 mmol/L时,该微生物能够很好地生长,并能有效地降解氯酚.除4-氯酚外,该微生物还可以降解2-氯酚、3-氯酚和2,4-二氯酚,有较宽的底物范围.添加柠檬酸等共基质不仅能够改善微生物的生长,还可以提高氯酚的降解效率,这对于实际受污染环境的生物修复非常重要.     

人工合成纳米TiO_2和MWCNTs对玉米生长及其抗氧化系统的影响

通过营养液培养试验,研究了纳米金红石相TiO2和多壁碳纳米管(multiwalled carbon nanotubes,MWCNTs)2种人工合成纳米材料悬浮液对玉米幼苗生物量、根系形态、抗氧化酶活性和脂质过氧化的影响.结果表明,在纳米材料悬浮液培养9d后,纳米金红石相TiO2对玉米生长有显著抑制作用(p0.05),50、100、200 mg/L浓度处理的植株根系干物质量分别比对照低40.31%、48.06%、62.02%;而MWCNTs对植物生长的抑制不明显.在2种纳米材料处理下,植物组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和过氧化物酶(POD)活性均显著升高(p0.05).纳米金红石相TiO2处理使玉米植株体内脂质过氧化产物MDA含量增多,而MWCNTs处理下MDA含量减少但无显著性变化.说明纳米金红石相TiO2的植物毒性比MWCNTs大,2种纳米材料都能引起植株产生氧化应激,仅纳米TiO2造成氧化损伤,这可能与2种纳米材料的化学组成和形状不同有关.