镧改性膨润土对长荡湖底泥磷的释放机制

在监测常州长荡湖水样和沉积物磷形态与含量的基础上,开展了在温度、pH、溶氧度等不同环境因子背景下镧改性膨润土对底泥磷释放的抑制效果研究.通过对比监测上覆水体磷的浓度、底泥磷的形态变化,考察了镧改性膨润土对水体磷的钝化效果以及底泥磷的固定作用.结果表明,镧改性膨润土可以很好地抑制底泥释磷,抑制底泥的释放率达到了55%—75%.温度和溶氧度的变化对镧改性膨润土的抑磷率无影响,而强酸碱(pH=4、pH=10)环境相较与中性环境(pH=7)抑磷效率减少15%;沉积物中Ex-P和Fe/Al-P等活性态磷含量下降了55%—60%,而Ca-P等稳定态磷含量上升1—1.1倍,说明镧改性膨润土可以改变沉积物磷的形态,由不稳定态转化为稳定态,提高了底泥对磷的滞留能力,降低了对上覆水释放的风险.利用镧改性膨润土控制长荡湖水体磷污染具有较好的应用前景.     

黑锰矿催化氧化Fe(Ⅱ)生成铁氧化物过程及影响因素

自然界中的锰氧化物常与铁氧化物交结伴生,其形成和转化过程相互影响. Mn(Ⅳ)氧化物与Fe(Ⅱ)反应过程已有较多研究,然而有氧环境中低价锰氧化物氧化Fe(Ⅱ)生成铁氧化物的过程尚缺乏系统研究.本工作以黑锰矿为例,研究了开放体系中Fe(Ⅱ)在低价氧化锰矿物表面的氧化行为,分析了Fe(Ⅱ)浓度、溶解氧以及pH对Fe(Ⅲ)氧化物形成的影响.结果表明,黑锰矿在氧化Fe(Ⅱ)形成针铁矿和纤铁矿的同时,自身被部分还原释放Mn(Ⅱ).当反应体系pH值为3.0时,溶解氧氧化Fe(Ⅱ)作用弱,主要为黑锰矿氧化Fe(Ⅱ)并在其表面生成针铁矿.当反应体系pH值升高至5.0,黑锰矿催化加速了溶解氧对低浓度(<5.0 mmol·L^-1)Fe(Ⅱ)的氧化并生成水铁矿,随后转化成纤铁矿和针铁矿;Fe(Ⅱ)浓度升高(>5.0 mmol·L^-1),反应初期Fe(Ⅱ)直接被黑锰矿氧化,形成了以针铁矿和少量纤铁矿组成的包覆层,并导致氧化速率减弱,而溶解氧在Fe(Ⅱ)后期氧化过程中发挥了主导作用.这些结果丰富了表生环境铁锰氧化物的形成与共生机理,为土壤矿物形成演化提供了...     

锌在不同磷源条件下对铜绿微囊藻生长与产毒的影响

针对磷和微量元素对藻类生长的共同作用,研究不同磷源条件下锌对藻细胞生长与产毒的影响。实验选用铜绿微囊藻为藻种,分别以无机磷磷酸氢二钾(K_2HPO_4)、小分子有机磷甘油磷酸钠(NaGly)和大分子有机磷卵磷脂(LEC)为磷源,研究不同锌(Zn~(2+))含量对藻细胞的藻密度、碱性磷酸酶活性(alkaline phosphatase activity,APA)以及胞内藻毒素(MC-LR)的影响。研究发现:以NaGly为磷源时微量元素锌对藻细胞生长的促进效果显著,而以K_2HPO_4或LEC为磷源时,锌含量的变化对藻细胞生长无显著影响。APA不仅与磷源有关而且与锌含量相关,以LEC为磷源时的APA显著高于以K_2HPO_4或NaGly为磷源时的APA,且锌含量越低APA越低,以K_2HPO_4为磷源时锌含量越低APA越高,而锌对以NaGly为磷源时的APA几乎没有影响。磷源与微量元素锌对藻细胞的产毒均产生影响,NaGly有利于藻毒素的产生; LEC不利于藻细胞的产毒,但锌含量越低藻细胞的产毒量越多。综上所述,磷源与微量元素锌共同作用对藻细胞的生长与产毒产生影响,小分子有机磷NaGly与锌的效果显著。     

反硝化除磷工艺进展及影响因素

阐述了反硝化除磷的基本机理与特点,介绍了基于反硝化除磷理论研发出的单污泥工艺和双污泥工艺流程,比较了各类工艺的优缺点,提出了相应的优化改进措施。分析了反硝化除磷系统的主要影响因素,包括碳源种类、pH值、电子受体、C/P比、污泥龄等,提出了将处于实验阶段的新型工艺投入运行、探究多因素对系统脱氮除磷的综合影响等后续研究展望。     

EBPR中两类细菌PAOs和GAOs竞争的研究进展

强化生物除磷(EBPR)工艺可以获取高效的除磷效果,已在很多污水处理厂得到广泛应用。但是大型污水处理厂在相当多的条件下,EBPR工艺也会出现周期性除磷效果的波动和不充分。针对这一难题,研究者试图采用许多手段来研究工艺中的主要微生物。文章针对典型的EBPR工艺和碳源、pH值、温度等因素对EBPR工艺中两类细菌聚磷菌(PAOs)和聚糖菌(GAOs)竞争的研究进展进行了论述,并展望了未来的研究方向。     

Rapid treatment of atrazine-contaminated water by nickel/iron bimetallic system

The utility of nickel/iron in the remediation of atraz.ine-contaminated water was investigated. The experimental results showed that nickel/iron had effective catalytic activity in dechlorinating atraz.ine under acidic conditions. The dechlonnation reaction approximately followed the first-order kinetics under the experimental conditions( nickel/iron: 1.0 g/250 ml: Ca~r~ = 20.0 mg/L), the reaction rate increased with decreasing pH value of the reaction solution and increasing the proportion of Ni: Fe within 2.95 %. For condition with 2.95% nickel/iron, the reaction rate constants were 0.07518( R = 0.9927), 0.06212( R = 0.9846) and 0.00131 min^-1 ( R = 0.9.565) at pH = 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0, respectively. HPLC analysis was used to monitor the decline of atraz.ine concentration.     

Assessment on the pollution of nitrogen and phosphorus of Beijing surface water based on GIS system and multivariate statistical approaches

This paper presented the characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in Beijing surface water during the survey. A significant difference was found out in concentration distribution of various parameters of nitrogen and phosphorus. Most water bodies in five water systems were polluted by total nitrogen with the content even up to 120 mg/L which was higher than exceeded the fifth class standard of national surface water quality standard GB3838-2002 except for several segments of Chaobaihe and Yongdinghe. Ammonia and phosphorus showed a similar tendency of distribution with higher content in Daqinghe, Beiyunhe and Jiyunhe water systems, but with relatively low concentrations in Chaobaihe and Yongdinghe water systems. Meanwhile, nitrate was found at comparatively low content (mostly less than 10 mg/L) and could fit for corresponding water quality requirements. Totally, the water quality of Daqinghe, Jiyunhe and Beiyunhe river systems as well as the lower reaches of Yongdinghe and Chaobaihe was contaminated seriously with high content of total nitrogen and phosphorus. Through multivariate statistical approaches, it can be concluded that total nitrogen, ammonia and total phosphorus was highly correlated to chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen and electrical conductivity,which explained the same pollution source from anthropogenic activities.     

Lead adsorption capacities of different components in natural surface coatings

Pb adsorption capacities of Fe oxide, Mn oxide and organic materials in natural surface coatings (biofilms and associated minerals) collected in three lakes, two ponds and a river in Jilin Province, China and Cayuga Lake in US were studied. A novel extraction technique was employed to remove one or more component(s) from the surface coatings. Pb adsorption to surface coatings before and after extraction was performed to determine the adsorptive properties of the extracted component(s). The statistical analysis of observed Pb adsorption was carried out using nonlinear least squares fitting (NLSF) to estimate the Pb adsorption capacity of each component of surface coatings. For each body of water, the estimated Pb adsorption capacity of Mn oxide( mol Pb/mol Mn) was significantly higher than that of Fe oxide( mol Pb/ mol Fe). The value of estimated adsorption capacities of organic materials with the unit mol Pb per kg COD was similar to or less than that of Fe oxides with the unit mol Pb per mol Fe. Comparison of components of surface coatings in different waters showed that the estimated Pb adsorption capacities of components in surface coatings developed in different natural waters were different,especially for Mn oxides.     

Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on the water quality in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area during and after its construction

A survey concerning the concentration of the nutrients in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area was carried out. This paper presents the parameters(NO3^- -N, NO2^- -N, KjeldahI-N, non-ionic ammonia, P-PO4 and TP)determined at 16 sampling sites from 1997 to 1999. The dominant soluble nitrogen form was NO3^- -N followed by KjeldahI-N, NO2^- -N and non-ionic ammonia. Mean values of NO3^- -N, NO2^- -N, Kjeldahl-N and non-ionic ammonia ranged from 0.50 to 2.37 mg/L, 0.022 to 0.084 mg/L, 0.33 to 0.99 mg/L and 0.007 to 0.092 mg/L respectively.Mean values of P-PO4 at most sampling sites were higher than 0.1 mg/L for subject to eutrophication. The major factors influencing the concentrations of N and P might be agricultural runoff, municipal and industrial effluents. In addition, 6 kinds of soil were sampled at the area where would inundated after the dam completed. Two approaches were adopted to simulate the N and P release from the inundated soils. The results showed that the soils would release nitrogen and phosphorus to the overlying water when the soils were inundated. The characteristics of soil affected the equilibrium concentrations of N and P between the soil and the overlying water.     

淮北矿业铁运处安全管理出硬招

本刊讯 淮北矿业集团铁运处临机段结合2010年安全新目标、运量新任务、新形势,抓住关键环节,着力消除安全管理中的短板,促进生产安全的有效控制。