主成分分析法在水环境质量评价中的应用进展

对研究水质的一种多元统计方法——主成分分析法做了详细介绍,并对主成分分析法在河流、地下水、矿区、湖泊水质评价中的应用进行了综述,简要分析了主成分分析法在水环境质量评价中尚有不足之处。     

Formation pathways of brominated products from benzophenone-4 chlorination in the presence of bromide ions

The brominated products, formed in chlorination treatment of benzophenone-4 in the presence of bromide ions, were identified, and the formation pathways were proposed.Under disinfection conditions, benzophenone-4 would undertake electrophilic substitution generating mono- or di-halogenated products, which would be oxidized to esters and further hydrolyzed to phenol derivatives. The generated catechol intermediate would be transformed into furan-like heterocyclic product. The product species were p H-dependent,while benzophenone-4 elimination was chlorine dose-dependent. When the chlorination treatment was performed on ambient water spiked with benzophenone-4 and bromide ions, most of brominated byproducts could be detected, and the acute toxicity significantly increased as well.     

Compositions and sources of organic acids in fine particles (PM2.5) over the Pearl River Delta region, south China

Organic acids as important constituents of organic aerosols not only influence the aerosols' hygroscopic property, but also enhance the formation of new particles and secondary organic aerosols. This study reported organic acids including C14–C32fatty acids, C4–C9dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids in PM2.5collected during winter 2009 at six typical urban, suburban and rural sites in the Pearl River Delta region. Averaged concentrations of C14–C32fatty acids, aromatic acids and C4– C9 dicarboxylic acids were 157, 72.5 and 50.7 ng/m3, respectively. They totally accounted for 1.7% of measured organic carbon. C20–C32fatty acids mainly deriving from higher plant wax showed the highest concentration at the upwind rural site with more vegetation around, while C14–C18fatty acids were more abundant at urban and suburban sites, and dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids except 1,4-phthalic acid peaked at the downwind rural site. Succinic and azelaic acid were the most abundant among C4–C9dicarboxylic acids, and 1,2-phthalic and 1,4-phthalic acid were dominant aromatic acids. Dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids exhibited significant mutual correlations except for 1,4-phthalic acid, which was probably primarily emitted from combustion of solid wastes containing polyethylene terephthalate plastics. Spatial patterns and correlations with typical source tracers suggested that C14–C32fatty acids were mainly primary while dicarboxylic and aromatic acids were largely secondary. Principal component analysis resolved six sources including biomass burning, natural higher plant wax, two mixed anthropogenic and two secondary sources; further multiple linear regression revealed their contributions to individual organic acids. It turned out that more than 70% of C14–C18fatty acids were attributed to anthropogenic sources, about 50%–85% of the C20–C32fatty acids were attributed to natural sources, 80%–95% of dicarboxylic acids and 1,2-phthalic acid were secondary in contrast with that 81% of 1,4-phthalic acid was primary.     

Origin of major ions in monthly rainfall events at the Bamenda Highlands, North West Cameroon

Rainwater characteristics can reveal emissions from various anthropogenic and natural sources into the atmosphere. The physico-chemical characteristics of 44 monthly rainfall events （collected between January and December 2012） from 4 weather stations （Bamenda, Ndop plain, Ndawara and Kumbo） in the Bamenda Highlands （BH） were investigated. The purpose was to determine the sources of chemical species, their seasonal inputs and suitability of the rainwater for drinking. The mean pH of 5 indicated the slightly acidic nature of the rainwater. Average total dissolved solids （TDS） were low （6.7 mg/L）, characteristic of unpolluted atmospheric moisture/air. Major ion concentrations （mg/L） were low and in the order K＋ 〉 Ca2＋ 〉 Mg2~ 〉 Na＋ for cations and NO3 〉〉 HCO3 〉 SO] 〉 CI- 〉 PO3- 〉 F- for anions. The average rainwater in the area was mixed Ca-Mg-SO4-CI water type. The CI-/Na＋ ratio （1.04） was comparable to that of seawater （1.16）, an indication that N a＋ and CI originated mainly from marine （Atlantic Ocean） aerosols. High enrichments of Ca2＋, Mg2＋ and SO2- to Na＋ ratios relative to seawater ratios （constituting 44% of the total ions） demonstrated their terrigenous origin, mainly from Saharan and Sahelian arid dusts. The K＋/Na＋ ratio （2.24）, which was similar to tropical vegetation ash （2.38）, and NO3 was essentially from biomass burning. Light （〈 100 mm） pre-monsoon and post-monsoon convective rains were enriched in major ions than the heavy （〉 100 mm） monsoon rains, indicating a high contribution of major ions during the low convective showers. Despite the acidic nature, the TDS and major ion concentrations classified the rainwater as potable based on the WHO guidelines.     

基于主成分-聚类分析模型的生态环境脆弱性分析:以平潭综合实验区为例

目前对平潭综合实验区(平潭主岛)脆弱性评价方面的研究仅有地下水系统的脆弱性研究,对生态环境方面的脆弱性研究尚未见诸文献中。针对此情况,文章首先从自然因素、人为干扰因素和环境因素3个方面构建了生态环境脆弱性指标体系,然后运用主成分-聚类分析模型对平潭综合实验区的生态环境脆弱性进行分区。脆弱性分区结论为平潭综合实验区总体为中强度脆弱,其中极强脆弱区为白青乡,强度脆弱区为北厝镇和苏澳镇,中度脆弱区为中楼乡、澳前镇和敖东镇,轻度脆弱区为平原镇、潭城镇和流水镇,微脆弱区为芦洋乡。文章从增加防护林的面积和种类、调整优化土地利用结构、开展生态功能区划和生态环境保护规划的编制工作三方面提出了降低研究区域生态环境脆弱性的对策措施。     

上海市夏冬两季PM_(2.5)中碳组分污染特征及来源解析

2009年7月和2010年1月在上海市华东理工大学采样点采集PM2.5样品,应用热/光碳分析仪对样品中的有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)进行了测定,并计算得到了二次有机碳(SOC)、char-EC和soot-EC的质量浓度。结果显示:采样期间PM2.5、OC、EC、SOC、char-EC、soot-EC夏季平均浓度分别为(58.87±20.04)、(11.37±4.12)、(3.68±1.27)、(4.37±2.86)、(3.00±1.24)和(0.68±0.30)μg/m3;冬季平均浓度分别为(142.31±45.47)、(16.01±4.43)、(5.53±2.36)、(5.67±2.92)、(5.11±2.35)和(0.42±0.17)μg/m3,除soot-EC外,均呈现夏季低、冬季高的特点。在不同空气质量下,OC、EC和char-EC的质量浓度具有明显差异,且三者均与能见度、平均风速呈显著负相关。夏冬两季soot-EC、char-EC、SOC和POC占TC的百分含量相差不大,其中POC/TC值最高,soot-EC/TC值最低。夏季SOC/TC的比值高于冬季,可能由于气温高有利于发生光化学反应。对8个碳组分进行主成分分析,结果显示,燃煤、生物质燃烧、汽油和柴油车排放对PM2.5中碳组分的贡献显著,并且可能受燃煤和汽油车排放的影响最大。     

乙酰胺低共熔离子液体吸收SO_2的研究

制备了3种乙酰胺-无机盐类低共熔离子液体,测定了其物理性质并将其应用于SO2气体的吸收。结果表明,这些低共熔离子液体具有和传统离子液体相似的性质,例如熔点低、粘度低、密度高、电导率高以及较宽的液态范围。此类离子液体对SO2气体有较好的吸收能力,而且吸收量和温度的关系满足二次多项式方程。红外光谱结果表明吸收是可逆的,回收的离子液体可高效重复使用至少5次。乙酰胺-硫氰酸钠(3∶1)对SO2的质量分数吸收量为0.554 g/g(20℃,1 atm),具有吸收量高、成本低和易回收的优势,是一个很有前景的SO2吸收剂。     

锌离子对厌氧氨氧化脱氮效能的影响

通过序批实验的方法,直接接种厌氧氨氧污泥,研究了Zn2＋对厌氧氨氧化（Anammox）脱氮效能的影响。研究结果表明,当进水Zn2＋质量浓度小于2 mg/L时,对厌氧氨氧化生物活性有促进作用,可增强微生物的脱氮效能;当进水Zn2＋质量浓度在2 mg/L和4 mg/L之间时,脱氮效能无明显变化,说明对厌氧氨氧化微生物活性无明显影响;当进水Zn2＋质量浓度大于4 mg/L,对厌氧氨氧化反应有抑制作用,Zn2＋浓度越高,抑制作用越明显。 Zn2＋对厌氧氨氧化的半抑制质量浓度（CI,50）为32.3 mg/L,NO2--N与NH4＋-N转化比的平均值为1.28。     

Lindet ypeF(K)沸石对Zn~(2+)的吸附研究

利用粉煤灰合成Linde type F(K)沸石吸附重金属Zn2+,考察吸附剂量、pH值、反应温度对Zn 2+吸附效果影响,研究沸石吸附Zn2+的等温线与动力学,得到了相应的模型。结果表明:吸附剂量、pH值、反应温度均对Zn2+去除效果影响显著。随着吸附剂量增大,Zn 2+去除效果不断提高,饱和吸附量逐渐减小。初始pH值为3~7时,沸石对Zn2+去除率随pH值升高迅速提高。反应温度越高,沸石吸附Zn2+到达平衡时间越短。沸石对Zn2+吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温式,其吸附为单分子层吸附;准二级反应动力学方程能很好描述沸石对Zn2+的吸附行为。     

Fenton试剂氧化法在工业废水处理中的应用研究

Fenton试剂的氧化能力强,反应过程短,降解效果好,本文中介绍了Fenton试剂的特点,并且通过实验得出几种无机离子对Fenton试剂氧化处理工业废水的影响。