水体有色溶解有机质的研究进展

有色溶解有机质（CDOM）是溶解有机质（DOM）的重要组成部分,它影响着碳的生物地球化学循环,为水生微生物提供重要的碳源和能源。文章介绍了国内外CDOM的研究进展和动态．主要包括CDOM的紫外吸收光谱研究,荧光光谱研究,并对CDOM中主要成分的荧光峰位置及峰值变化、来源进行论述．最后对CDOM的研究重点作了展望。     

甲烷13C同位素比值表征温度对甲烷生成途径的影响

采用测试气相碳同位素比值的方法比较了中温厌氧降解和高温厌氧降解过程中甲烷(CH4)生成途径的差异,表征了生活垃圾厌氧消化过程CH4生成途径的演变,并结合气液相化学组分和产甲烷菌荧光原位杂交(FISH)分析对同位素表征结果进行了验证.中温(35℃)条件下,垃圾降解初期甲烷13C同位素比值(δ13CH4)下降至-69.5‰,表明此阶段CH4主要产生自CO2还原途径;随着垃圾降解进入快速产CH4阶段,δ13CH,值相应迅速上升至一23.8%o,说明乙酸发酵逐渐成为CH4生成的主要途径,FISH实验结果也发现此阶段以乙酸发酵型产甲烷菌Methanosarcinaceac为主;当产CH4速率逐渐减小进入稳定期时,δ13CH,值迅速降低至-55‰后相对稳定,说明乙酸发酵途径的比例减小,并且维持在较稳定的水平.高温(55℃)条件下,δ13CH4值始终维持在约-70‰,表明甲烷主要由CO2还原作用生成,在快速产CH4,阶段,乙酸氧化和CO2还原作用是CH4生成的重要途径.     

甲烷13C同位素比值表征温度对甲烷生成途径的影响

采用测试气相碳同位素比值的方法比较了中温厌氧降解和高温厌氧降解过程中甲烷（CH₄）生成途径的差异,表征了生活垃圾厌氧消化过程CH₄生成途径的演变,并结合气液相化学组分和产甲烷菌荧光原位杂交（FISH）分析对同位素表征结果进行了验证.中温（35℃）条件下,垃圾降解初期甲烷¹³C同位素比值（δ¹³CH₄）下降至-69.5‰,表明此阶段CH₄主要产生自CO₂还原途径;随着垃圾降解进入快速产CH₄阶段,δ¹³CH₄值相应迅速上升至-23.8‰,说明乙酸发酵逐渐成为CH₄生成的主要途径,FISH实验结果也发现此阶段以乙酸发酵型产甲烷菌Methanosarcinaceae为主;当产CH₄速率逐渐减小进入稳定期时,δ¹³CH₄值迅速降低至-55‰后相对稳定,说明乙酸发酵途径的比例减小,并且维持在较稳定的水平.高温（55℃）条件下,δ¹³CH₄值始终维持在约-70‰,表明甲烷主要由CO₂还原作用生成,在快速产CH₄阶段,乙酸氧化和CO₂还原作用是CH₄生成的重要途径.     

秋季南海珠江口和北部湾溶解有机物的光降解

利用三维荧光光谱分析手段,结合吸收光谱测定,分析了2007年10月中国珠江口及北部湾水体中4个典型有色溶解有机物(CDOM)样在太阳光辐照下的光降解特性.结果表明,珠江口及广西沿海CDOM样受陆源输入影响较大,而北部湾中部的HX样具有典型海洋CDOM特征,80m水深的HN样则受到北部湾环流的主要影响.这些CDOM样品中均观测到类腐殖质荧光峰A、C、M以及类色氨酸荧光峰R、T,它们的荧光峰强度及吸收系数a(280)在秋季短期日光辐照下发生了较明显的光化学降解,受陆源输入影响较大的珠江口及广西沿海样品的光降解程度高于北部湾的远岸样品,反映出它们含有更多的发色团.光降解未引起CDOM荧光峰位置的显著变化,类腐殖质荧光峰M和A、类蛋白质荧光峰R和T的强度变化趋势一致,表明这两对峰具有相似的性质.A峰区存在的双峰现象表明其为多个荧光组分的叠加.CDOM吸收光谱的光谱斜率S(270～350)随光辐射而逐渐增加,可用于指示光降解引起的CDOM分子量的减小趋势.研究表明,光降解在南海生源要素的生物地球化学循环中起重要作用.     

土壤环境质量指标Pb、As、Zn、Cu、Ni、Cr的X射线荧光光谱法快速测定

采用粉末压片X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤样品环境质量指标Pb、As、Zn、Cu、N i、Cr,样品制备简单、成本低,方法快速高效,技术指标良好。     

高氯酸盐对空心莲子草生长及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

高氯酸盐是一种新型的持久性污染物,其对植物影响作用的研究国内外鲜见报道.以空心莲子草为实验材料,在水培及可控条件下,探讨不同浓度(1、5、20、100、500 mg/L)ClO4-对空心莲子草生长及生理的影响.结果表明,①不同浓度的ClO4-处理均不同程度地抑制根、茎、叶生物量及单株相对生长量,其中根生物量对照与各浓度处理之间均存在显著差异.处理40d后,各浓度(由低到高)处理的相对生长量分别为对照的61.6%、60.8%、53.1%、20.4%和3.3%;ClO4-处理下根、茎、叶生物量的变异系数大小依次为:叶>根>茎;ClO4-处理使根茎叶三者之间的生物量分配关系发生变化,使茎的生物量分配系数增大,而叶降低,其中100、500 mg/L ClO4-处理组与对照相比差异显著;②不同浓度的ClO4-处理均使空心莲子草幼叶出现明显的伤害症状,顶叶反卷、叶缘变黑、焦枯,受害程度随处理浓度及时间的增加而加重;③ClO4-处理使叶片SPAD值、Fv/Fm、F′v/F′m、ΦPSⅡ、ETR、ETRmax等荧光参数均出现不同程度的下降趋势,SPAD、ΦPSⅡ等荧光参数可以作为反映受ClO4-胁迫影响的内在敏感生理指标.以...     

同步辐射XRF和XANES研究重金属污染环境中小羽藓体内硫元素的生物指示作用

在实验室将小羽藓(Haplocladium)暴露于不同浓度的铅、铁、铬重金属环境下进行培育,分别应用同步辐射X射线荧光(SRXRF)方法测定小羽藓植株硫元素的含量和X射线吸收近边结构(XANES)分析不同价态的硫所占的相对含量.结果表明,暴露于铅、铁下的小羽藓植株内硫的含量明显增加,铅、铁浓度分别为400 mg/L和200 mg/L时,硫元素含量下降.培养周期为15 d时,小羽藓在100 mg/L铅胁迫下,低价硫由对照组的17.8%升高到23.6%,而同时以硫酸盐形式存在的硫由对照组的56.3%下降到51.2%.在400 mg/L铅胁迫时,低价硫含量增加到24.8%,硫酸盐中的硫所占的比例下降到48.4%.小羽藓植株内的胱氨酸、半胱氨酸、甲硫氨酸和谷胱甘肽中所含低价态硫的总相对含量增加,以硫酸盐态存在的硫相对含量明显下降.研究表明,重金属污染环境导致小羽藓硫吸收同化过程中硫元素含量和价态变化特征具有一定的生物指示作用.     

基于同步辐射光源的X射线荧光分析技术研究匐枝青藓对铅污染的生物响应

为了研究苔藓植物对铅元素的富集特征和对铅污染的生物响应特性,选用多年生、植株体较大、分布广泛且易于采集的匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)为试验材料,在试验区使用不同浓度(0-3.0 mmol·L-1的Pb2+污染液对人工栽植的匐枝青藓进行了动态胁迫试验(7-28d).使用同步辐射光源的x射线...     

In vitro fluorescence displacement investigation of thyroxine transport disruption by bisphenol A

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical with high production volume and wide applications in many industries. Although BPA is known as an endocrine disruptor, its toxic mechanisms have not been fully characterized. Due to its structural similarity to thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), one possible mechanism of BPA toxicity is disruption of hormone transport by competitive binding with the transport proteins. In this study, the binding interactions of BPA, T4, and T3 with three thyroid hormone transport proteins, human serum albumin (HSA), transthyretin (TTR), and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) were investigated by fluorescence measurement. Using two site-specific fluorescence probes dansylamide and dansyl-L-proline, the binding constants of BPA with HSA at drug site I and site II were determined as 2.90 104 and 3.14 104 L/mol, respectively. By monitoring the intrinsic fluorescence of tryptophan, a binding constant of 4.70 103 L/mol was obtained. Similarly, by employing 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid as fluorescence probe, the binding a nity of BPA with TTR and TBG was measured to be 3.10 105 and 5.90 105 L/mol, respectively. In general, BPA showed lower binding a nity with the proteins than T3 did, and even lower a nity than T4. Using these binding constants, the amount of BPA which would bind to the transport proteins in human plasma was estimated. These results suggest that the concentrations of BPA commonly found in human plasma are probably not high enough to interfere with T4 transport.     

Biosorption of cesium（Ⅰ） from aqueous solution by a novel exopolymers secreted from Pseudomonas fluorescens C-2： Equilibrium and kinetic studies

The biosorption characteristics of Cs(I) ions from aqueous solution using exopolymers (PFC02) produced from Pseudomonas fluorescens C-2 were investigated as a function of pH, biosorbent dosage, contact time and initial concentration. pH played a major role in the adsorption process, and the optimum pH for the removal of Cs(I) was 8.0. Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) models were applied to describe the biosorption isotherm of the Cs(I) ions by PFC02. The Lagergren first-order, pseudo second-order kinetic and intraparticle diffusion models were used to test the kinetic data. Langmuir model and D-R model fitted the equilibrium data better than the Freundlich isotherm. The monolayer adsorption capacities of PFC02 as obtained from Langmuir isotherm at 25°C was found to be 32.63 mg/g. From the D-R isotherm model, the mean free energy was calculated as 26.73 kJ/mol, indicating that the biosorption of cesium was chemisorption. The biosorption process was rapid, and the kinetic rates were best fitted to the pseudo second-order model, which indicated the biosorption process operated through chemisorption mechanism. FT-IR analysis of PFC02 showed the possible functional groups responsible for cesium adsorption were hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl and sulphonate groups. SEM analysis showed the porous structure of the material while EDX analysis confirmed the adsorption of Cs(I) on PFC02. Cesium adsorbed onto the PFC02 could be desorbed efficiently using 1 mol/L HNO3, and the enrichment factor was 50.0. Furthermore, PFC02 could be reused five times with only about 8.25% regeneration loss. The developed method was successfully utilized for the removal of Cs(I) ions from aqueous solution.