导读

正P7环境保护部环境保护对外合作中心《加强城市空气污染应急管理切实落实《大气污染防治行动计划》》2014年6月24日由环境保护部对外合作中心和亚洲清洁空气中心合作举办及能源基金会资助的"第十届中国城市空气质量管理研讨会:空气污染应急管理"在北京召开。本次研讨会针对中国重污染天气应急管理的现状与挑战,分析总结了空气污染应急管理的国际经验,重点讨论了亚洲及中国区域空气应急管理的经验、挑战和未来设想,并进一步根据中国城市在预测、预警以及应急响应方面的现状、     

杭州市空气微生物群落碳代谢特征研究

利用Biolog技术,研究了杭州市4个样点,即延安路商业街(Yan’an Road Business Street,YRBS)、天目山路与教工路口(Tianmushan Jiaogong Cross Road,TJCR)、浙江工商大学教工路校区(Zhejiang Gongshang University Jiaogong Campus,ZJGUSJC)、西湖曲院风荷(Breeze-ruffled Lotus at Quyuan Garden,BLQG)空气微生物群落碳代谢特征.结果表明,不同样点空气微生物样品平均颜色变化率(Average Well Color Development,AWCD)在培养240 h后达到稳定,并且4个样点的AWCD值即对单一碳源的利用能力具有显著差异,YRBS>TJCR≈ZJGSUJC>BLQG;YRBS、TJCR、ZJGSUJC和BLQG空气中微生物物种的多样性和丰富度依次减少;不同样点空气微生物对糖类和氨基酸类碳源利用程度较高,对其它碳源利用程度较低,且同一样点对不同单一碳源的利用程度也存在显著差异,YRBS对糖类碳源的利用程度最高,对聚合物类碳源利用程度最低,BLQG对糖类碳源的利用程度最高,对胺类碳源利用程度最低;不同样点空气微生物群落碳代谢基质主成分1(PC1)贡献度为43.8%,主成分2(PC2)贡献度23.4%,YRBS、BLQG和TJCR的空气微生物群落差异较大,碳代谢功能差异显著,而TJCR与ZJGSUJC碳代谢功能无显著差异.     

六价铬细菌还原的分子机制研究进展

工业化进程中铬(Cr)的广泛使用造成了严重的环境污染,其中Cr(Ⅵ)由于具有致癌、致畸变作用以及极强的水相迁移性使其成为Cr污染的主要形式,而Cr(Ⅲ)在环境中易形成沉淀且毒性较小,因此将Cr(Ⅵ)还原成Cr(Ⅲ)被认为是一种有效的Cr(Ⅵ)污染治理策略.Cr(Ⅵ)还原成Cr(Ⅲ)可以通过化学反应或微生物转化,其中细菌介导的Cr(Ⅵ)还原是一种极具潜力的铬污染修复方式,具有反应温和、能耗低且无二次污染等特点,因此其还原过程的分子机制受到了越来越多的关注.本文总结了已发现的Cr(Ⅵ)还原细菌种类以及在污染治理中的应用,并详细阐述了Cr(Ⅵ)还原的分子途径和具体的功能蛋白,逐级深入的展示了目前已研究的Cr(Ⅵ)细菌还原的分子机制,对目前该领域存在的科学问题及未来的发展方向进行了归纳和总结.     

锰氧化菌Aminobacter sp.H1的分离鉴定及其锰氧化机制研究

从某水厂的生物除锰滤池中分离出1株新的高效锰氧化菌,命名为H1.通过生理生化及16S rDNA序列对比分析鉴定为氨基杆菌(Aminobacter sp.),国内外未曾有对该菌株具有锰氧化能力的相关报道.本文对Aminobacter sp.H1的微生物特性、锰氧化机制及生成的生物氧化锰的性质进行了研究.结果表明,Aminobacter sp.H1的锰耐受浓度高达50 mmol·L-1,可完全去除浓度低于10 mmol·L-1的Mn(Ⅱ).菌株H1对Mn(Ⅱ)的氧化主要是通过产生锰氧化活性因子和碱性代谢产物提高pH两个因素共同作用的结果,活性因子细胞内合成后分泌到细胞外起作用.氧化过程中发现有Mn(Ⅲ)中间体出现,XRD、XPS、SEM-EDX等分析菌株H1介导生成的生物氧化锰发现,生物氧化锰与菌体结合紧密,弱结晶、无固定形态,成分主要为MnCO3、MnOOH、Mn3O4和MnO2等.     

河蚬（Corbicula fluminea）扰动对表层沉积物中氨氧化菌群落结构和丰度的影响

为研究不同生物量河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)的生物扰动对表层沉积物中氨氧化菌群落结构和丰度的影响,本研究设计了沉积物-水微宇宙的模拟体系,通过构建克隆文库、实时荧光定量PCR(real-time qPCR)等分子生物学方法比较不同密度河蚬扰动的沉积物中氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea,AOA)和氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,AOB)群落结构和丰度差异.结果表明,河蚬的生物扰动作用对表层沉积物氮素释放有明显的促进作用.氨氧化菌(AOA和AOB)amoA基因克隆文库中,AOA的amoA基因序列包含了已知的海洋和土壤环境中的两个分支,AOB的amoA基因绝大部分序列都属于变形菌门β亚纲(β-Proteobacteria)中的亚硝化单细胞菌属(Nitrosomonas).3个处理组表层沉积物中细菌amoA基因丰度均高于古菌amoA基因丰度,且河蚬密度越高则细菌amoA的丰度越低.同时,河蚬的添加使得微宇宙体系中氨氧化菌(AOA和AOB)的多样性降低.综上,河蚬的生物扰动对表层沉积物中氨氧化菌群落结构和丰度产生了一定的影响.     

空气资源评估方法及其在城市环境总体规划中的应用

从空气污染气候学的角度,提出了空气资源禀赋的概念、评估方法、等级划分及分区管控的理念.同时,以宜昌城市环境总体规划为例,利用MM5耦合CALMET模式对大气环境系统进行解析,计算了宜昌市域范围高时空分辨率(1 km×1 km)通风系数A值分布,并作为空气资源禀赋等级分区的依据.在此基础上,将空气资源分区的结果与地理信息系统相结合,给出其空间分布,强化了分区管控政策的空间落地.评估结果表明,宜昌地区空气资源禀赋等级共分为4级,A值在8以上的空气资源禀赋充裕的地区,约占市域面积的30.3%;较好和一般的地区,A值分别在5~8和3~5之间,约占34.1%和34.8%;A值在1~3之间空气资源禀赋稀少的地区,仅占0.8%.本研究提出的空气资源禀赋分区方法具有较强的合理性,预期在城市中长期发展过程中的产业布局与分级调控中具有较好的应用前景.     

北京大气降水中细菌气溶胶的多样性研究

利用16S rRNA基因测序分类学技术,分别以北京市区2011及2012年不同月份的降水样品中细菌的基因组DNA为模板,通过克隆、测序构建基因组文库,研究了北京市大气降水中细菌的群落结构组成及多样性变化.系统发育分析结果表明,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)(α-,β-,γ-)是北京市降水样品中细菌的优势菌群(75.6%~100%),另外包括拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、异常球菌门(Deinococcus-Thermus)、蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)、硝化螺菌门(Nitrospira)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)共7个主要门类的细菌,以及未定菌(TM7).多样性指数分析结果显示,不同的降水样品,细菌群落结构组成及多样性均存在着差异性,冬季12月份雪水样品细菌群落结构多样性明显高于其他季节的样品,细菌群落多样性(Shannon,H)特点是,冬季秋季夏季.     

Quantification of viable bacteria in wastewater treatment plants by using propidium monoazide combined with quantitative PCR (PMA-qPCR)

The detection of viable bacteria in wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs) is very important for public health, as WWTPs are a medium with a high potential for waterborne disease transmission. The aim of this study was to use propidium monoazide(PMA) combined with the quantitative polymerase chain reaction(PMA-qPCR) to selectively detect and quantify viable bacteria cells in full-scale WWTPs in China. PMA was added to the concentrated WWTP samples at a final concentration of 100 μmol/L and the samples were incubated in the dark for 5 min, and then lighted for 4 min prior to DNA extraction and qPCR with specific primers for Escherichia coli and Enterococci, respectively. The results showed that PMA treatment removed more than 99% of DNA from non-viable cells in all the WWTP samples, while matrices in sludge samples markedly reduced the effectiveness of PMA treatment. Compared to qPCR, PMA-qPCR results were similar and highly linearly correlated to those obtained by culture assay, indicating that DNA from non-viable cells present in WWTP samples can be eliminated by PMA treatment, and that PMA-qPCR is a reliable method for detection of viable bacteria in environmental samples. This study demonstrated that PMA-qPCR is a rapid and selective detection method for viable bacteria in WWTP samples, and that WWTPs have an obvious function in removing both viable and non-viable bacteria. The results proved that PMA-qPCR is a promising detection method that has a high potential for application as a complementary method to the standard culture-based method in the future.     

Immigrant Pantoea agglomerans embedded within indigenous microbial aggregates：A novel spatial distribution of epiphytic bacteria

Immigrant bacteria located on leaf surfaces are important to the health of plants as well as to people who consume fresh fruits and vegetables. However, the spatial distribution and organization of these immigrant bacteria on leaf surfaces are still poorly understood. To examine the spatial organization of these strains, two bacterial strains on tobacco leaves： （1） an indigenous strain, Pseudomonas stutzeri Nov. Y2011 labeled with green fluorescent protein, and （2） an immigrant strain Pantoea agglomerans labeled with cyan fluorescent protein isolated from pear, were studied. Under moist conditions, P. agglomerans cells quickly disappeared from direct observation by laser- scanning confocal microscopy, although elution results indicated that large amounts of live cells were still present on the leaves. Following exposure to desiccation stress, particles of cyan fluorescent protein-labeled P. agglomerans were visible within cracked aggregates of P. stutzeri Nov. Y2011. Detailed observation of sectioned aggregates showed that colonies of immigrant P. agglomerans were embedded within aggregates of P. stutzeri Nov. Y2011. Furthermore, carbon-resource partitioning studies suggested that these two species could coexist without significant nutritional competition. This is the first observation of an immigrant bacterium embedding within aggregates of indigenous bacteria on leaves to evade harsh conditions in the phyllosphere.     

Isolation, identification and arsenic-resistance of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans HX3 producing schwertmannite

Schwertmannite, a ubiquitous mineral present in iron oxyhydroxides formed in iron- and sulfate-rich acid media, favors incorporation of some toxic anions in its structure. We reported an iron-oxidizing bacterial strain HX3 from a municipal sludge that facilitates the formation of pure schwertmannite in cultures. Ferrous iron oxidation by the isolated strain HX3 was optimum at an initial pH of 2.0-3.3 and temperature of 28-35°C. Pure schwertmannite was found through bacterial oxidation of ferrous iron at an initial pH 2.8and temperature 28°C. Following 16 S rDNA gene sequence analysis the bacterial strain HX3 was identified as Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. The arsenic-resistance A. ferrooxidans HX3 showed the potential of environmental application in arsenic removal from the As（Ⅲ）- and iron-rich acid sulfate waters directly by As（Ⅲ） adsorption or the formation of schwertmannite in the environment.