贵阳市喀斯特地区表层土壤Cd空间分异特征及其影响因素

为探究地质高背景区土壤Cd含量的空间分异特征及其变异规律,以贵阳市喀斯特地貌区表层土壤为研究对象,采集14 421件表层土壤,综合运用全局Moran''s I指数、冷热点分析、半方差函数与克里金插值等方法,揭示土壤Cd含量的空间结构和分布规律,并通过方差分析与地理探测器分析环境因子对土壤Cd含量的影响及其主控因子. 结果表明：①贵阳市喀斯特表层土壤ω（Cd）范围介于0.03~1.36 mg·kg^-1之间,平均值为0.440 mg·kg^-1,分别为贵州省土壤Cd背景值和中国土壤Cd背景值的1.77倍和5.95倍;土壤Cd超标率为30%,是我国土壤Cd超标率（7%）的4.29倍. ②土壤Cd含量存在显著的空间正相关性,全局空间上呈现聚集分布,而局部区域上东北和西南地区表现为热点区,北部为冷点区;土壤Cd含量的块金系数为10.37%,表明土壤Cd主要受结构性因素影响. ③空间分布上,土壤Cd呈现不同的累积趋势,息烽县、修文县、清镇市、花溪区和南明区等区域部分块状土壤ω（Cd）小于0.3 mg·kg^-1;土壤ω（Cd）介于0.3~0.6 mg·kg^-1分布面积最广,白云区、乌当区、观山湖区和云岩区土壤Cd整体上介于这一含量范围;土壤ω（Cd）介于0.6~0.9 mg·kg^-1集中分布于清镇市西南部、花溪区南部以及开阳县北部,而土壤ω（Cd）介于0.9~1.2 mg·kg^-1主要聚集在清镇市西南部;土壤ω（Cd）极值（ > 1.2 mg·kg^-1）多分布于开阳县、修文县、清镇市和花溪区等地区. ④方差分析与地理探测器结果表明,不同环境因子对土壤Cd空间分异影响显著,但对土壤Cd含量的解释力具有差异,其大小依次为：地层（0.176 5） > 土壤类型（0.0260） > 有机质（0.0251） > 海拔（0.0105） > 母岩（0.0073） > 土地利用（0.0064） > pH（0.001 3）,并且地层与任意环境因子的交互作用均最大,因此地层是影响土壤Cd含量空间分异的主要因子.     

紫色土丘陵区退耕还林对坡地土壤碳氮空间分布的影响

为了弥补我国四川盆地紫色土丘陵区退耕还林对坡地土壤碳（C）和氮（N）时空分布影响的研究不足,依托中国科学院盐亭紫色土农业生态试验站在万安小流域建立的长期观测样地,对比分析了约30年历史的退耕林地及其邻近的坡耕地不同坡面位置土壤的C、N形态、含量及其储量. 结果发现,退耕还林后,显著增加了剖面土壤有机碳（SOC）含量及储量（P< 0.05）,其中表层土壤（0~20 cm）SOC储量增加了25.86 t·hm^-2,年均SOC储量增加速率为0.89 t·hm^-2. 土壤总氮（TN）含量虽略有增加,但仅限于0~20 cm土层. 退耕林地与坡耕地相比,速效C、N养分如,土壤硝态氮（NO₃^--N）、铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）和可溶性有机碳（DOC）含量在整个土壤剖面（0~70 cm）的差异性基本不显著（P> 0.05）. 此外,研究还发现空间位置对坡耕地土壤TN、SOC、NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N和DOC含量均有显著影响（P< 0.05）;土壤TN和SOC含量沿坡面的变化趋势大小为：下坡位>上坡位>中坡位,而土壤NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N和DOC含量沿坡面的变化趋势大小则为：上坡位<中坡位<下坡位. 退耕林地土壤仅DOC含量受坡位的显著影响,并沿坡面向下呈增加趋势. 结果表明,在评估紫色土丘陵区土地利用变化对土壤碳氮储量的影响时,不能忽视地形等因素的影响.     

Characterizing ionic species in PM2:5 and PM10 in four Pearl River Delta cities, South China

PM_(2.5)and PM_(10)samples were collected at four major cities in the Pearl River Delta(PRD),South China,during winter and summer in 2002.Six water-soluble ions,Na~ ,NH_4~ ,K~ ,Cl~-,NO_3~- and SO_4~(2-)were measured using ion chromatography.On average,ionic species accounted for 53.3% and 40.5% for PM_(2.5)and PM_(10),respectively in winter and 39.4% and 35.2%,respectively in summer. Secondary ions such as sulfate,nitrate and ammonium accounted for the major part of the total ionic species.Sulfate was the most abundant species followed by nitrate.Overall,a regional pollution tendency was shown that there were higher concentrations of sulfate, nitrate and ammonium in Guangzhou City than those in the other PRD cities.Significant seasonal variations were also observed with higher levels of species in winter but lower in summer.The Asian monsoon system was favorable for removal and diffusion of air pollutants in PRD in summer while highly loading of local industrial emissions tended to deteriorate the air quality as well.NO_3~-/SO_4~(2-) ratio indicated that mobile sources have considerably contribution to the urban aerosol,and stationary sources should not be neglected. Besides the primary emissions,complex atmospheric reactions under favorable weather conditions should be paid more attention for the control of primary emission in the PRD region.     

Spatial distribution of aerosol pollution based on MODIS data over Beijing, China

With the help of regression analysis,the relationships were detected between aerosol's contribution to apparent reflectance(ACR) derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)on board Terra and hourly PM_(10)mass concentration measured at 30 ground-based locations in Beijing for the August of 2003 and 2004.It was shown that there was a good correlation between the ACR and PM_(10)(linear correlation coefficient,R=0.56).On the basis of this relationship,spatial distribution and possible sources of PM_(10)derived from MODIS were analyzed and two frequently heavily-polluted regions were found,namely downtown of the city and the district near Xishan Mountain.These two regions coincidently are also urban heat island centers.The foundings of this paper will be greatly useful for environmental monitoring and urban planning for Beijing,especially for the 2008 Olympic game to be held in Beijing.     

Spatial variability of organochlorine pesticides （DDTs and HCHs） in surface soils from the alluvial region of Beijing, China

The spatial variability in the concentrations of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) in surface soils was studied on the basis of the analysis of 131 soil samples collected from the surface layer (0-20 cm depth) of the alluvial region of Beijing, China. The concentrations of total HCHs (including α-, β-, γ-, and δ-isomers) and total DDTs (i ncluding p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, and o,p'-DDT) in the surface soils tested were in the range from nondetectable to 31.72 μg/kg dry soil, with a mean value of 0.91, and from nondetectable to 5910.83 μg/kg dry soil, with a mean value of 32.13,respectively. It was observed that concentrations of HCHs in all soil samples and concentrations of DDTs in 112 soil samples were much lower than the first grade (50 μg/kg) permitted in "Environment quality standard for soils in China (GB15618-1995)". This suggests that the pollution due to organochlorine pesticides was generally not significant in the farmland soils in the Beijing alluvial region. In this study, the spatial distribution and trend of HCHs and DDTs were analyzed using Geostatistical Analyst and GS (513).Spatial distribution indicated how these pesticides had been applied in the past. Trend analysis showed that the concentrations of HCHs,DDTs, and their related metabolites followed an obvious distribution trend in the surface soils from the alluvial region of Beijing.     

Vertical and temporal distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus and relationship with their influencing factors in aquatic-terrestrial ecotone： a case study in Taihu Lake, China

Vertical and temporal distributions of N and P in soil solution in aquatic-terrestrial ecotone （ATE） of Taihu Lake were investigated, and the relations among N, P, ORP （oxidation reduction potential）, TOC, root system biomass and microorganism were studied. As a whole, significant declines in TN, NO3^--N, DON （dissolved organic nitrogen） and TP concentration in soil solution have occurred with increase of the depth, and reached their minima at 60 cm depth, except for NH4^＋-N, which increased with depth. The concentration of TP increased gradually from spring to winter in the topsoil, the maximum 0.08 mg/L presented in the winter while the minimum 0.03 mg/L in spring. In the deeper layer, the concentration value of TP fluctuated little. As for the NO3^--N, its seasonal variation was significant at 20 cm depth, its concentration increased gradually from spring to autumn, and decreased markedly in winter. Vertical and temporal distribution of DON is contrary to that of NO3^--N. The results also show that the variation of N and P in the percolate between adjacent layers is obviously different. The vertical variation ofTN, TP, NO3^--N, NH4^＋-N and DON is significant, of which the variation coefficient of NO3^--N along the depth reaches 100.23%, the highest; while the variation coefficient of DON is 41.14%, the smallest. The results of correlation analysis show that the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus correlate significantly with TOC, ORP, root biomass and counts of nitrifying bacteria. Most nutrients altered much from 20 to 40 cm along the depth. However, DON changed more between 60 and 80 cm. Results show that soil of 0-60 cm depth is active rhizoplane, with strong capability to remove the nitrogen and phosphorus in ATE. It may suggest that there exists the optimum ecological efficiency in the depth of above 60 cm in reed wetland. This will be very significant for ecological restoration and reestablishment.     

中国雾霾空间分布特征及影响因素分析

近年来我国雾霾天气频发,以PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)为核心的大气污染物对人体健康和大气环境质量造成了严重威胁,已经成为当前不容忽视且亟需解决的重大民生问题和环境问题,深入分析雾霾污染的形成原因和影响因素对于科学制定切实有效的治霾政策具有重要的现实意义。本文基于我国288个地级以上城市2015年1月—2017年2月的月均空气质量AQI数据,首先采用空间统计方法对雾霾污染空间分布的季节特征进行可视化描述,其次通过空间自相关指数对雾霾污染的空间集聚特征进行了实证检验,最后在此基础上建立空间计量模型对影响雾霾污染的社会经济因素进行了经验识别。结果表明:(1)我国雾霾污染的季节性特征明显,夏季空气质量状况最好,春季和秋季次之,冬季污染最严重且波及范围广,其中河北南部、河南北部、山西南部和陕西关中地区是污染重灾区,季均空气质量均为中度污染以上。(2)雾霾污染存在显著的空间正相关特征,我国东部沿海地区表现为显著的低低集聚,华北平原及周边地区呈现显著的高高集聚特征。(3)空间回归结果显示,我国雾霾污染与经济增长的关系在一定程度上与EKC曲线假说相符,其中二产畸高的产业结构、民用汽车保有量的增多和省会城市均对雾霾污染有显著的正向促进作用,但人口密度和绿化水平对雾霾污染的影响并不显著。因此,治霾政策应坚持城市内部以促进产业结构转型升级、鼓励使用新能源汽车和共享单车、疏散省会城市的职能为主,城市外部应以区域联防联控为主,从而达到缓解和改善大气环境的目的。     

旅游地的类生命特征研究

把旅游地视为一个特殊生命体和特殊的生态系统．旅游地与生物体存在非常类似的机理。具有旅游地生命周期、旅游地生态系统、旅游地之间存在诸如共生、竞争、寄生、捕食生态空间关系等明显的类生命特征。研究旅游地的类生命特征．为运用生态学理论研究旅游发展问题提供了可靠依据和切实可行性,为更好地解释和透视旅游发展问题实质提供了崭新的途径与思路,生态学理论在旅游中的应用和解决旅游问题具有现实的可能性和潜在的应用价值,在丰富旅游学与生态学理论的同时,指导并促进旅游业的可持续发展。     

中国省域农业共同边界技术效率差异分析

以1997-2009年间省际时间序列-截面数据为基础,在方向性距离函数和共同边界分析架构下,测度考虑"坏产出"情况下的中国大陆地区31个省(市)农业生产的共同边界效率、群组边界效率以及达到整体理想最佳农业技术效率的追赶程度。主要结论如下:①1997-2009年间各省(市)共同边界农业技术效率呈现增加-减少-增加的变化趋势,其平均值为0.692,农业实际产出占理想产出的比例仅为69.2%;②不同群组农业技术效率存在明显差异,其地区分布与区域经济发展水平、农业生产条件存在着空间对应关系,即经济发展水平较高、农业生产条件较好的区域,技术效率和技术水平也较高。不同区域在环境管理中应实行差别化的管理政策;③东部和中部群组中大部分省份农业生产的共同技术比率呈现增长的趋势,与最佳共同边界技术的差距逐步变小;而西部地区超过一半的省(市)出现了技术退步。     

生态足迹研究现状及基于净初级生产力的计算方法初探

生态足迹是一种有效的再生资源更新能力的定量测度方法,其主要用于评估给定年,给定技术条件下生物圈的再生能力能否满足人类消费需求。本研究对国内外生态足迹模型的理论假设、生态足迹、生物承载力、生态盈余、生态赤字进行了简要介绍;在对国际组织发布的生态足迹报告以及生态足迹文献发表情况进行统计的基础上,回顾了国内外的生态足迹计算方法——基于净初级生产力的计算方法,并与现有的基于全球农业生态区的计算方法进行了比较,探讨了两种方法的优缺点;最后对生态足迹今后的研究重点提出了一些看法和展望。