滑坡灾害孕育-激发过程中的水-岩相互作用

降雨造成的地下水与斜城岩土体之间的复杂作用--水-岩相互作用不仅是滑城灾害的主要激发因素,它的滑坡孕育过程中也发挥着重要作用.以往的相关研究主要集中在滑城激发有关的突隙水压力效应的滑城临界降雨量、地下水富集斜坡的稳定性评价、水-力耦合及地下水对岩石的软化效应等方面.孕育过程在滑城研究中居于重要的基础性地位.以流-固耦合等理论为基础对岩体进行时效变形预测,对于斜坡研究中居于重要的,但是,由于大多数滑城的孕育都是在近地表的侵蚀性地球化学环境中进行的,与深埋地下空间的开挖问题存在明显区别.作为水-岩相互作用主要类型之一的水-岩化学作用是造成这种差别的主要因素.深入开展滑城灾害孕育过程中的水-岩化学作用研究不仅对斜城维护、加固及滑城预报是重要的，而且可以促进水-力双重耦合、水-热-力及水-热-力-化学多重耦合等复杂理论的发展.     

基于遥感解译的典型低频泥石流形成机制研究——以四川省宁南县矮子沟泥石流为例

2012年6月28日四川省宁南县矮子沟暴发泥石流,造成重大的人员伤亡和财产损失。通过对比事件前后流域的高精度遥感影像,并结合泥石流发生后野外调查情况进行综合分析。研究结果表明:矮子沟泥石流具有典型水力类泥石流的启动机制,其形成过程可分为四个阶段:①强降雨使得地表径流快速汇集,使得坡体表层土产生破坏并启动,形成坡面泥石流并汇入主沟;②具有极强侵蚀能力的坡面泥石流开始对沟床内的固体物质产生强烈的揭底侵蚀和侧蚀,使得沟床堆积体的稳定性产生破坏并启动;③沟床堆积物在受到揭底侵蚀后,从上游依次往下,形成连续性的破坏并为泥石流的形成持续提供固体物质,以维持泥石流的运动并放大其规模;④在达到海拔800 m沟口转弯处之后,由于受到地形的限制及泥石流自身的动能衰减并产生堆积,泥石流过程结束。通过对该次泥石流的物源补给过程进一步研究认为,其物源补给可分为形成泥石流流体所需的启动型物源和维持泥石流持续运动的维持型物源两类。通过对比发现,低频泥石流在启动过程中的物源补给过程具有明显的启动型物源和维持型物源两个相对微观物源补给类型及过程,可为这类泥石流防治工程的类型选择及设计提供重要的理论依据。     

云南一次致灾暴雨过程WRF模式模拟分析

采用三重嵌套网格,利用NCEP的1°×1°再分析资料以及新一代中尺度预报模式WRF模式,对2014年6月6日08:00-7日08:00川滇切变线致灾暴雨过程进行了数值模拟实验,并对结果进行诊断分析。结果表明:WRF模式可以较为客观地模拟出暴雨过程的落区和强度,较好地反映了强降水过程的实况和基本特征,模式能很好地指示出强降水发生的高湿水汽条件以及正涡度发展、强烈上升运动和下正上负垂直螺旋度结构的动力条件,模拟的上升运动位置及700 hPa正涡度带和正垂直螺旋带亦对强降水落区有很好的指示性,另外除了模拟的切变线位置稍偏西偏南而导致暴雨区稍偏西偏南外,对高低层影响系统的走向、结构、位置和强度的模拟结果与实际结果相近,表明该模式对云南省切变线致灾暴雨系统具有较好的模拟效果。     

泸定6.8级地震交通网络应急服务能力分析∗

2022 年 9 月 5 日 12 时 57 分,四川省泸定县发生 6.8 级地震。受自然地理环境等因素的影响,本次地震对灾区公路交通网络造成了比较严重的破坏,给震后应急救援工作带来了较大阻碍,极大地考验了灾区交通网络的应急服务能力。本文介绍了灾区交通网络的概况及其地震破坏情况,建立了路网应急服务能力评价方法,并将单位时间到达重点救援目标的最大交通量作为其评价指标。以本次地震灾区的交通网络为例,结合交通网络应急抢通过程的考察数据,对交通网络应急服务能力的下降及其恢复过程进行了分析,对灾区交通网络地震韧性进行了定性讨论,以期为交通网络的地震韧性评价提供参考。     

基于水土流失的景观格局分析方法

景观格局和生态过程是景观生态学研究的重要内容,但是很多研究只重视景观格局的研究,而忽略了生态过程的研究。文章针对水土流失这一重要生态过程,提出了基于水土流失过程的景观坡度指数和景观空间负荷对比指数,并对黄土高原泾河流域15个子流域的景观格局进行了分析,认为泾河流北部各子流域主要以水土流失的＂源＂景观为主,景观坡度指数大,空间负荷指数小,水土流失风险大;流域南部各子流域上游以＂汇＂景观为主,坡度指数大,中下游以＂源＂景观为主,景观空间分布不均衡,存在一定的水土流失风险;流域东部局部子流域主要以水土流失的＂汇＂景观为主,＂源＂景观相对较小,＂源＂-＂汇＂景观空间分布均衡,水土流失风险小。     

Removal of sulfadiazine from aqueous solution on kaolinite

The adsorption of sulfadiazine onto kaolinite clay as an alternative adsorbent was examined in aqueous solution, hnpacts of the contact time, pH, temperature, ionic strength and coexistent surfactants on the adsorption process were evaluated. The pH significantly influenced the adsorption process, with adsorption being promoted at lower pH due to the cation exchange mechanism. Decreasing ionic strength in the solution was favorable for adsorption, and the addition of cationic and anionic surfactants had negative effects on the adsorption capacity of sulfadiazine on kaolinite. Kinetic experiments showed that the adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order model. The equilibrium adsorption was well described by both Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich （DR） models. According to the DR model, the adsorption mechanism was determined by cationic exchange and weak physical forces. The thermodynamic study showed that sulfadiazine adsorption onto kaolinite was a sponta- neous and endothermic reaction.     

赛默飞推出HPLC Troubleshooting App

在一套新的HPLC方法开发过程中,往往会发生意想不到的状况,如除进样峰以外的所有色谱峰均为倒峰.即使伴随着色谱技术的发展,许多问题得以解决,但一些出乎意料的问题还是会发生.您该怎样查明是哪里出现了问题,并快速解决呢     

Investigation on sampling artifacts of particle associated PAHs using ozone denuder systems

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） are complex organic compounds which are identified as significant carcinogenic to human health. PAHs （mainly in particle phase） are susceptible to atmospheric oxidant gases, especially ozone, nitrogen oxides （NOx）, hydroxyl radical （OH）, and could be degraded on filters during sampling process, leading to an underestimation of ambient PAH concentrations. The goal of this work was to investigate particle associated PAHs sampling artifacts caused by ozone in summer of Beijing. Comparative sampling systems were operated simultaneously during the whole campaign, one with activated carbon ozone denuder, the other being set as conventional sampling system. Activated carbon denuder was testified to be highly efficient to eliminate ozone from air stream. In general, nine particle-bound PAHs observed from conventional sampler were all lower than those from ozone denuder system. The total PAHs （particle phase） concentration was averagely underestimated by 35.9% in conventional sampling procedure. Benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） had the highest percentage of mass loss. founded to have influences Ambient temperature was on PAHs sampling artifacts. High temperature can increase loss of particle associated PAHs during sampling.     

Indicating landfill stabilization state by using leachate property from Laogang Refuse Landfill

Variation and evolution process of leachate can be applied as a reference for landfill stabilization phase. In this work, leachates with different ages were collected from Laogang Refuse Landfill, and characterized with 14 key parameters. Simultaneously, principal component analysis （PCA） was applied to develop a synthetic parameter-F based on these 14 parameters, and a logarithm equation was simulated for the landfill stabilization process finally. It was predicted that leachates would meet Class I and Class II in standard for pollution control on the landfill site of municipal solid waste （GB 16889-1997） after 32 years and 22 years disposal under the natural attenuation in the humid and warm southern areas of China, respectively. The predication of landfill state would be more accurate and useful according to the synthetic parameter F of leachate from a working landfill.     

大肠菌群革兰氏染色技术的实验研究

通过比较实验，研究了在大肠菌群测定过程中菌龄、细菌密集程度、媒染时间、脱色程度等因素对革兰氏染色正确性的影响，从而得出了一最佳革兰氏染色条件组合，并提出了确保革兰氏染色技术操作正确的方法。