大量化学材料的应用让摩天大楼成为火灾加速器

每次透过国贸的玻璃窗,看到对面被大火烧成废墟的央视大厦北配楼,芮小姐总不由得想起西晋刘琨《重赠卢谌》的那两句诗:何意百炼钢,化为绕指柔?我想不明白,为什么在大火面前,看似雄壮的现代建筑会显得这么脆弱?材料专家告诉     

蓝天新“办法”——拯救呼吸的“办法”

“我们人体每天需要呼吸15立方米的空气，住在城市里的人就相当于吸尘器，每天要过滤15立方米的空气，这样持续下去，细粒子污染对身体的危害要比切尔诺贝利核辐射严重。”     

基于信息熵与KPSO聚类法滑坡敏感性分析

选取南京地区滑坡为研究对象。基于DEM及遥感影像数据,选取样本,提取滑坡影响因素,计算影响因素熵值。利用K折粒子群优化(K PSO)方法,在GIS环境下针对地质资料缺乏情况,生成一个可靠的南京地区滑坡敏感图。自组织特征映射网络(SOM)法用作一个并行研究,结果作为K PSO法结果对比。结果表明,K PSO法聚类准确率为85%,自组织映射(S OM)法聚类结果准确率为80%,由此说明K PSO聚类法在地质资料不足前提下形成滑坡敏感区是一种行之有效的方法。     

纳米Ag粒子原位杂化PVDF超滤膜的抗污染性能

以AgNO3为前驱体,聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)为聚合物基体,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为分散剂和成孔剂,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)为还原剂和溶剂,利用相转化法制备了纳米Ag粒子原位杂化PVDF超滤膜.采用扫描电镜、透射电镜、原子力显微镜及接触角测定仪对杂化膜的结构和性能进行了表征.结果表明:原位形成的纳米Ag粒子均匀地分散在聚合物基体中,纳米Ag粒子的添加改善了PVDF膜的亲水性能.以腐殖酸和牛血清蛋白作为污染物的代表,考察了Ag/PVDF膜的抗有机污染性能.以大肠杆菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌及活性污泥作为微生物的代表,考察了杂化膜的抗生物污染性能.结果证实了与纯PVDF膜相比,Ag/PVDF膜通量衰减较慢,可有效抑制微生物的生长,表面受活性污泥污染程度小,具有显著的抗有机污染和抗生物污染性能.     

Characteristics of secondary inorganic aerosol and sulfate species in size-fractionated aerosol particles in Shanghai

Sulfate, nitrate and ammonium(SNA) are the dominant species in secondary inorganic aerosol, and are considered an important factor in regional haze formation. Size-fractionated aerosol particles for a whole year were collected to study the size distribution of SNA as well as their chemical species in Shanghai. SNA mainly accumulated in fine particles and the highest average ratio of SNA to particulate matter(PM) was observed to be 47% in the fine size fraction(0.49–0.95 μm). Higher sulfur oxidation ratio and nitrogen oxidation ratio values were observed in PM of fine size less than 0.95 μm. Ion balance calculations indicated that more secondary sulfate and nitrate would be generated in PM of fine size(0.49–0.95 μm). Sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure(XANES) spectra of typical samples were analyzed. Results revealed that sulfur mainly existed as sulfate with a proportion(atomic basis) more than 73% in all size of PM and even higher at 90% in fine particles. Sulfate mainly existed as(NH4)2SO4 and gypsum in PM of Shanghai. Compared to non-haze days, a dramatic increase of(NH4)2SO4 content was found in fine particles on haze days only, which suggested the promoting impact of(NH4)2SO4 on haze formation. According to the result of air mass backward trajectory analysis, more(NH4)2SO4 would be generated during the periods of air mass stagnation. Based on XANES, analysis of sulfate species in size-fractionated aerosol particles can be an effective way to evaluate the impact of sulfate aerosols on regional haze formation.     

3,5-二硝基水杨酸表面修饰纳米Ti2吸附对硝基苯酚

化学吸附法合成3,5-二硝基水杨酸表面修饰的TiO₂纳米粒子,TiO₂表面修饰后呈浅黄色,TiO₂表面羟基与3,5-二硝基水杨酸发生类似于醇和酸间的酯化反应.表层链接有苯环,极性减弱,非极性增强,在水、苯、乙醇中均分散性良好,与芳香族污染物的亲合力增强,有利于吸附去除芳香族污染物.表面修饰的TiO₂纳米粒子20mg,在最佳吸附pH值3、吸附时间10min,对100mL对硝基苯酚(3～10 mg/L)的吸附率可由改性前的43%增至99.9%.该法吸附效率高,可直接达到一级排放标准,提供了深度处理对硝基苯酚废水的新方法.     

基于两粒子纠缠态隐形传送四粒子GHZ态

通过两粒子纠缠态作为量子信道,实现了四粒子GHZ态隐形传送的方案。首先提出该量子信道处在最大纠缠态时的传送,其次对两粒子纠缠为非最大纠缠态时的传送情形进行研究。通过相关的测量与操作,并且引入相应的辅助粒子,可以成功地实现隐形传送。相比于以往的传送方案,本方案不仅节约了量子信道的纠缠资源,而且操作也相对简单。     

电除尘器中亚微粒子凝并机理的研究

针对电除尘器对亚微粒子的收集效率不高的现象，从粒子的布朗运动、带电粒子间的库仑力及气溶胶粒子在外电场作用下发生极化所产生的偶极效应等方面，探讨了电除尘器中粒子的凝并机理，定性分析了影响粒子凝并的各种因素。