混合胁迫条件下蓝藻运动特性研究

为了探究混合控藻技术对蓝藻运动分布特性的影响,实验测定了太湖蓝藻在不同光照度、温度、压力等条件下的上浮/下沉速度.蓝藻在1 500~6 000 lx光照度范围内均表现出很强的上浮性能,光照度大于1 500 lx时,上浮速度大于0.8cm·min-1的藻颗粒占58%;当光照度小于1 500 lx或大于6 000 lx时上浮速度将减弱.在8~25℃环境下,蓝藻呈上浮运动,且随着温度的升高,上浮速度增加.在0~0.1 MPa压强条件下蓝藻上浮,且随着压强的增加上浮速度减慢;当压强达到0.2~0.3 MPa时大部分蓝藻悬浮于水中,只有少部分上浮或下沉;当压强达到0.4~0.6 MPa时,蓝藻明显下沉,且随着压强的增加下沉速度增大,0.6 MPa压强下,下沉速度大于1.0 cm·min-1的藻颗粒占52.5%.当外界压力超过藻细胞气囊所能承受的范围,气囊开始破裂,藻细胞的浮力变小直至小于其重力,导致藻颗粒下沉.常压下,藻颗粒粒径越大,上浮速度越快,密度越小;高压下,藻颗粒粒径越大,下沉速度越快,密度越大.     

Influence of stabilizers on the antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles introduced into natural water

Physical, chemical and biochemical properties of silver nanoparticles(AgNPs) depend to a great extent on their size, shape, size distribution, and stabilizers located on their surface. This study focused on two typical stabilizers, namely citrates(cit), low molecular ions protecting nanoparticles by electrostatic repulsion, and polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP), a hydrophilic, neutral, high molecular polymer protecting nanoparticles by steric stabilization. Natural bacterioplankton was collected from a eutrophic, downtown lake and exposed to five concentrations(0.1–5 mg/L) of AgNPs-PVP and AgNPs-cit. Responses were monitored after 1, 3, 5 and 7 days of exposure, by evaluating the survival rate of bacteria, their respiratory activity, and the general activity of extracellular esterases. A significantly better(greater) survival rate of bacterioplankton was observed in water with an addition of AgNPs-cit. The inhibition of extracellular esterases was observed only in samples containing AgNPs-PVP. The inhibitory effect increased proportionally to the concentration of AgNPs-PVP applied. Within the studied concentration range, there was no statistically significant inhibition of bacterioplankton respiratory activity by AgNPs-PVP and AgNPs-cit.     

Identification of sources of lead in the atmosphere by chemical speciation using X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy

Sources of Pb pollution in the local atmosphere together with Pb species, major ions, and heavy metal concentrations in a size-fractionated aerosol sample from Higashi-Hiroshima(Japan) have been determined by X-ray absorption near-edge structure(XANES) spectroscopy, ion chromatography, and ICP-MS/AES, respectively. About 80% of total Pb was concentrated in fine aerosol particles. Lead species in the coarse aerosol particles were PbC2O4, 2PbCO3·Pb(OH)2, and Pb(NO3)2, whereas Pb species in the fine aerosol particles were PbC2O4, PbSO4, and Pb(NO3)2. Chemical speciation and abundance data suggested that the source of Pb in the fine aerosol particles was different from that of the coarse ones. The dominant sources of Pb in the fine aerosol particles were judged to be fly ash from a municipal solid waste incinerator and heavy oil combustion. For the coarse aerosol particles, road dust was considered to be the main Pb source. In addition to Pb species, elemental concentrations in the aerosols were also determined. The results suggested that Pb species in size-fractionated aerosols can be used to identify the origin of aerosol particles in the atmosphere as an alternative to Pb isotope ratio measurement.     

Hygroscopicity of particles generated from photooxidation of α-pinene under different oxidation conditions in the presence of sulfate seed aerosols

Smog chamber experiments were conducted to investigate the hygroscopicity of particles generated from photooxidation of α-pinene/NOx with different sulfate seed aerosols or oxidation conditions. Hygroscopicity of particles was measured by a tandem differential mobility analyzer （TDMA） in terms of hygroscopic growth factor （Gf）, with a relative humidity of 85%. With sulfate seed aerosols present, Gf of the aerosols decreased very fast before notable secondary organic aerosols （SOA） formation was observed, indicating a heterogeneous process between inorganic seeds and organic products might take place as soon as oxidation begins, rather than only happening after gas-aerosol partition of organic products starts. The final SOA-coated sulfate particles had similar or lower Gf than seed-free SOA. The hygroscopicity of the final particles was not dependent on the thickness but on the hygroscopicity properties of the SOA, which were influenced by the initial sulfate seed particles. In the two designed aging processes, Gf of the particles increased more significantly with introduction of OH radical than with ozone. However, the hygroscopicity of SOA was very low even after a long time of aging, implying that either SOA aging in the chamber was very slow or the Gf of SOA did not change significantly in aging. Using an aerosol composition speciation monitor （ACSM） and matrix factorization （PMF） method, two factors for the components of SOA were identified, but the correlation between SOA hygroscopicity and the proportion of the more highly oxidized factor could be either positive or negative depending on the speciation of seed aerosols present.     

URDC，“智库”之上的行动家——访NRDC执行总裁Peter Lehner

二十世纪七十年代现代环保运动蓬勃兴起。一些重大污染事件的爆发,首次“地球日”活动的举行,代表性环保著作的出现,包括1962年雷切尔·卡森（Rachel Carson）发表的《寂静的春天》以及1968年鲍尔。爱尔里奇（Paul Ehrlich）发表的《人口炸弹》等都给公众带来了环境警醒。在这样的背景下,几位关心环境保护的年轻律师——有的刚从耶鲁大学法学院毕业——于1970年创立了自然资源保护协会（NRDC）。     

NRDC,“智库”之上的行动家——访NRDC执行总裁Peter Lehner

<正>二十世纪七十年代现代环保运动蓬勃兴起。一些重大污染事件的爆发,首次"地球日"活动的举行,代表性环保著作的出现,包括1962年雷切尔·卡森(Rachel Carson)发表的《寂静的春天》以及1968年鲍尔·爱尔里奇(Paul Ehrlich)发表的《人口炸弹》等都给公众带来了环境警醒。在这样的背景下,几位关心环境保护的年轻律师——有的刚从耶鲁大学法学院毕业——于1970年创立了自然资源     

基于GIS和PSO-SVM模型的文山州石漠化风险评估

针对喀斯特石漠化风险评估影响因素较复杂且涉及众多地理空间对象的特点,本文在采用GIS技术对空间数据进行管理分析的基础上,提出了基于粒子群优化的支持向量机(PSO-SVM)的石漠化风险评估模型,分析了基于GIS的石漠化风险评估指标体系的建立过程,详细探讨了主成分分析与支持向量机模型相结合进行石漠化风险评估的方法与实现过程,并以云南省文山州为研究实例,将其与单独SVM模型和PSO-BP模型风险评估结果进行了对比分析,结果表明PSO-SVM模型的石漠化风险评估精度较高,效果更好。     

基于SVM的含缺陷20钢弯管爆破压力预测

为快速、精确预测含局部减薄缺陷的弯管爆破压力,首先验证显式非线性有限元模型的模拟精确性,然后以168组不同缺陷尺寸下20钢弯管爆破压力的有限元模拟数据作为学习样本,建立含局部减薄缺陷20钢弯管爆破压力预测的支持向量机(SVM)模型;其次利用交叉验证(CV)、遗传算法(GA)、粒子群算法(PSO)分别优化SVM模型;最后分析对比用于预测弯管爆破压力的3种优化SVM模型与ASME B31G-2009、DNV RP-F101、SHELL 92等3种通用规范的计算误差。结果表明：CV-SVM、GA-SVM、PSO-SVM等3种模型的预测误差均小于3种规范的计算误差,其最大相对误差分别为-2.33%、-3.4%和1.94%;说明SVM模型用于预测弯管爆破压力时操作简单、计算时间短、预测精度高、工程实用性好。     

飞行签派员警觉性预测三过程模型

为解决民航飞行签派员警觉性预测问题,在国际通用的警觉性理论基础上,通过电子手环监测与精神运动能力测试(PVT)数据分析,构建面向民航飞行签派员的警觉性预测三过程模型(TPMA)。首先,从国内大型运输航空公司的一线值班飞行签派员中选取120名被试,在40 h睡眠剥夺条件下定时采集体温数据,并对被试进行PVT测试;其次,使用余弦分析法确定相位,根据测试数据,确定模型的上下渐近线,睡眠转换阈值等关键参数;然后,通过提前唤醒,测试修正睡眠惯性过程;最后,测试120名被试用以验证模型,并额外选取3组不同排班方式的被试开展独立验证。结果表明：二谐量的余弦函数可以很好地拟合体温数据,拟合相位为16.88,警觉性昼夜节律参数为-55 ms/℃,上下渐近线分别为750、200 ms,睡眠转换阈值为437 ms; TPMA预测结果与规律作息测试数据拟合优度大于0.90,与实际工作条件下测试数据的拟合优度大于0.81。提出的飞行签派员TPMA具有较好的稳定性和适用性。     

炭载Mn-Co-Ce复合氧化物粒子电极处理亚甲基蓝模拟废水

以颗粒活性炭(GAC)为载体,通过浸渍法制备了多种负载型粒子电极,并研究其对亚甲基蓝模拟废水的处理效果。结果表明,负载了Mn-Co-Ce复合氧化物的粒子电极对亚甲基蓝的脱色效果最好,1.5 h的脱色率可达94.31%,COD去除率为65.11%。通过单因素实验确定的最佳实验条件如下:反应时间为1.5 h,槽电压为20 V,辅助电解质Na2SO4浓度为0.15 mol/L,极板间距为4 cm。反应动力学分析显示,亚甲基蓝的脱色反应表现为一级反应动力学。系统连续运行30次以上,脱色率为80%和COD去除率为50%,说明该粒子电极具有一定的稳定性。紫外-可见光吸收光谱分析进一步表明Mn-Co-Ce/GAC对亚甲基蓝溶液有着很好的脱色效果。