某核废液处理厂的火灾爆炸事故解析(Ⅰ) 核废液的沥青固化处理条件对固化产物中盐粒子的微观构造的影响

设计了一套核废液的沥青固化处理模拟试验装置,对不同固化处理条件下生产的沥青固化物内的混合盐粒子的微观构造、粒径分布等进行了详细探讨.结果表明,固化处理条件的改变对固化产物中的盐粒子的大小及其粒径分布虽无明显的影响,但对其微观构造及比表面积的影响却十分明显.当核废液中含有磷酸盐并且核废液的送料速度较低时,生产的沥青固化物中的混合盐粒子的约70%是由长3-6微米,直径约1微米的针状结晶以架桥形式构成.这样的氧化剂颗粒具有很大的比表面积.     

河道溢油模型在三峡水质预警系统中的研究与应用

为使三峡水质预警系统有效模拟预测三峡溢油事故,建立了适应该系统的平面二维河道溢油模型。常见溢油模拟的做法是在溢油自身扩展阶段采用Fay模型、在溢油飘移阶段采取油粒子模型,而文章使用根据Fay模型进行扩展之后的油粒子模型,该模型可在溢油的自身扩展和漂移阶段同时使用。该模型结合了油粒子模型和Fay模型的长处,既解决Fay模型只能用于静止海面上的限制,又解决了油粒子模型不能模拟溢油自身扩展阶段的难题,特别适用于水域相对海洋狭小且形状复杂,水流也较复杂的河流溢油模拟。将其运用为三峡水质预警系统的溢油模拟模块,取得了较好的效果。     

Effect of sub-acute exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles on oxidative stress and histopathological changes in Juvenile Carp （Cyprinus carpio）

Increasing application of nanotechnology highlights the need to clarify and understand nanotoxicity. Mammalian and in vitro studies have raised concerns about the toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂-NPs), but there are limited data on ecotoxicity to aquatic organisms. In this work, the sub-acute toxicity of TiO₂-NPs to carp (Cyprinus carpio) was assessed. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels in liver, gill and brain tissues of carps varied with concentration of TiO₂-NPs suspensions and exposure time (up to 8 d). As a result, 100 and 200 mg/L TiO₂-NPs caused statistically significant decrease in SOD, CAT and POD activities and significant increase in LPO levels in tissues (P < 0.05), suggesting that the fish exposed to these two concentrations of TiO₂-NPs suffered from the oxidative stress. The extent of depletion of antioxidant enzymes activities and the elevation of LPO in the liver was the greatest, indicating that the liver might be the most susceptible organ to TiO₂-NPs exposure. In addition, carps had gill pathologies including edema and thickening of gill lamellae as well as gill filaments, and liver pathologies including necrotic and apoptosis hepatocytes after exposed to 100 and 200 mg/L TiO₂-NPs for 20 d. These results indicated a potential risk from TiO₂-NPs released into the aqueous environment.     

珠海海洋大气中甲磺酸粒子与季节变化的相关性

文章主要利用检测单个粒子的薄膜法,探讨了中国珠海海洋大气中甲磺酸(MSA)粒子的数量浓度、粒子百分数、大小和酸性(pH值)及其一般变化规律。根据在2005年1月至2005年12月间采集的样品的分析结果表明:甲磺酸粒子在大气中的数量浓度在8.6×10-11～26.6×10-11nmol/m3之间变化,粒子百分数在11.4%～34.8%之间变化,当量直径在1.0964～1.5171μm之间变化,酸性(pH值)在1.86～2.71之间变化;甲磺酸粒子的数量浓度、粒子百分数、当量直径和pH值的变化与季节变化具有明显的相关性;甲磺酸粒子的数量浓度、占总粒子的百分数随气温的升高和海洋生物生长的旺盛而增大,在夏季达到最大值,而随着气温的降低和空气湿度的增大,甲磺酸粒子的当量直径增大、酸性增强,在春季和空气湿度较大时,其当量直径具有最大值、pH值则具有最小值;1天当中,MSA粒子的浓度在下午时达到最大,早晨最小。     

Chemical composition and size distribution of secondary organic aerosol formed from the photooxidation of isoprene

Photooxidation of isoprene leads to the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). In this study, the chemical composition of SOA formed from OH-initiated photooxidation of isoprene has been investigated with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and a home-made aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Sampling particles generated in a home-made smog chamber. The size distribution of SOA particles was detected by a TSI 3321 aerodynamic particle size spectrometer in real time. Results showed that SOA created by isoprene photooxidation was predominantly in the form of fine particles, which have diameters less than 2.5 m. The obtained mass spectra of individual particles show that products of the OH-initiated oxidation of isoprene contain methyl vinyl ketone, methacrolein, formaldehyde, and some other hydroxycarbonyls. The possible reaction mechanisms leading to these products were also discussed.     

CuO-CeO2/γ-Al2O3粒子电极对垃圾渗滤液降解特性

研制了负载型CuO-CeO2/γ-Al2O3粒子电极,并与活性炭颗粒混合填充于主阴阳极之间,实现三维电催化氧化反应,采用XRD、SEM对粒子电极进行表征.结果表明, CuO-CeO2/γ-Al2O3粒子电极对垃圾渗滤液显示了良好的电催化活性和稳定性,在pH为7.0、槽电压10V、空气流速0.04m3·h-1反应条件下,150min后, COD、氨氮去除率达到87.8%、45.4%,去除效果较传统二维平板、三维复极性电解槽更高,经20次反复使用后仍具有一定催化活性.研究了电-多相催化氧化体系对垃圾渗滤液降解的动力学规律,表明渗滤液降解符合准一级反应动力学规律;并在此条件下,体系以直接氧化占优.     

沿海城市灰霾天气与海盐氯损耗机制的关系

随着经济规模迅速扩大和城市化进程加快,大气气溶胶污染日趋严重,由细粒子气溶胶造成的能见度恶化事件越来越多,这些人类活动排放的污染物,可形成灰霾天气致使能见度下降。尤其值得注意的是沿海城市灰霾天气增长较快,沿海城市灰霾天气增多与海盐气溶胶粒子的氯损耗机制关系密切。我国30年前在粉尘污染时代建立的空气质量评价体系,已经远远不能描述新型复合空气污染类型,尤其是不能描述细粒子污染的情况,能见度的恶化主要与细粒子的浓度关系比较大,而与气溶胶的质量浓度关系不大。能见度与PM2.5尤其是PM1有非常好的关系,因而目前用能见度来描述灰霾天气是最好的指标。     

Characterization of condensed phase nitric acid particles formed in the gas phase

The formation of nitric acid hydrates has been observed in a chamber during the dark reaction of NO2 with O3 in the presence of air. The size of condensed phase nitric acid was measured to be 40–100 nm and 20–65 nm at relative humidity (RH) 6 5% and RH = 67% under our experimental conditions, respectively. The nitric acid particles were collected on the glass fiber membrane and their chemical compositions were analyzed by infrared spectrum. The main components of nitric acid hydrates in particles are HNO3 3H2O and NO3?? xH2O (x> 4) at low RH, whereas at high RH HNO3 H2O, HNO3 2H2O, HNO3 3H2O and NO3?? xH2O (x> 4) all exist in the condensed phase. At high RH HNO3 xH2O (x 6 3) collected on the glass fiber membrane is greatly increased, while NO3?? xH2O (x > 4) decreased, compared with low RH. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time to report that condensed phase nitric acid can be generated in the gas phase at room temperature.     

京津冀重霾期间PM_(2.5)来源数值模拟研究

厘清PM2.5的来源是开展重霾污染防治的前提条件.本研究利用嵌套网格空气质量预报模式系统(NAQPMS)及其耦合的污染来源追踪技术,针对2013年1月我国中东部的重霾污染过程,定量模拟分析京津冀各城市PM2.5浓度的来源和相互贡献.研究结果表明,NAQPMS模式能够合理反映京津冀不同城市PM2.5浓度的变化特征.京津冀各城市近地面PM2.5浓度主要受本地排放影响,本地贡献率介于29.8%~63.7%.而800 m高空层各城市PM2.5浓度以外来贡献为主(69.3%~86.3%).在污染最严重的东南部地区(包括邢台、邯郸、沧州和衡水),PM2.5浓度受区域外的山东和河南的显著影响,贡献率可达25.2%~31.5%.因此,在京津冀区域内进行协同减排控制的同时,需进一步将山东、河南等省份纳入联防联控范围,才能有效防控重霾污染.     

空间粒子辐射环境下石墨膜力学性能的演变规律

目的将石墨膜置于9×10^5~9×10^7 rad(Si)总剂量下获得辐射改性石墨膜材料,探讨空间粒子辐射作用下石墨膜拉伸强度的演变规律。方法采用SEM、XRD、煅烧分析及XPS等手段分析石墨膜的结构及成分。结果石墨膜为有序堆积的层状结构,层间距为0.3355 nm,碳的质量分数高达99.75%,挥发分的质量分数为0.04%,灰分的质量分数为0.21%,XPS只检测到C1s及O1s峰。石墨膜的平均热膨胀系数为负值,且其峰值仅为-1.33×10^-6/℃,具备出色的结构稳定性。空间粒子辐射环境模拟试验表明,随着辐射剂量的升高,石墨膜的拉伸强度逐渐衰减,在更高剂量辐射下,石墨膜的拉伸强度趋向稳定。通过Raman光谱仪对辐射石墨膜结构的分析,揭示了力学性能的演变机理。结论辐射石墨膜的拉伸强度与其缺陷含量有很大的相关性,未经过辐射的原始石墨膜的缺陷含量最低,其拉伸强度最大,随着石墨膜的缺陷含量逐渐增多,其拉伸强度逐渐降低。