认识纳米及其带给我们的危害

1认识纳米 纳米是英文nanometer的译音,是一个物理学上的度量单位,1纳米是1米的十亿分之一;比一根人类头发细5万到10万倍.所谓纳米技术,是指在0.1至100纳米的尺度里,研究电子、原子和分子内的运动规律和特性的一项崭新技术.通俗讲就是一种用单个原子、分子制造物质的技术.     

基于低空飞艇的突发事件应急监测系统

稳定高效的高点监控对应急处置有非常重要的作用。该文提出了一种基于低空飞艇的突发事件应急监测系统,实现在复杂环境下应急现场的实时监测。系统包含三个部分：视频预处理和目标追踪;目标的自动照准和定位;远程探测监测。利用稳像和跟踪技术实现视频预处理和目标跟踪,应用基于Harris角点的帧间运动估计稳定视频,使用基于GPS航迹信息的Kalm an-平均滤波方法分离主观运动和非主观运动,使用基于M ean Sh ift方法跟踪目标。通过三维云台电机的自动控制以及艇载GPS和三维罗盘实现对目标的自动照准及定位,利用小型投掷系统实现远程探测监测。该文提出的低空飞艇应急监测系统为突发事件现场实时监测提供了新的有效的解决方案,为应急响应提供了有力支持。     

“4·25”大兴火灾事故追踪

2011年4月25日,北京市大兴区旧宫镇南小街三队,一幢四层私人自建房发生火灾,熊熊的大火造成18人死亡、24人受伤,惨痛的事故后果也震惊了全国。逝者已矣,但对于此次大火的反思,一切才刚刚开始。     

Influence of stabilizers on the antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles introduced into natural water

Physical, chemical and biochemical properties of silver nanoparticles(AgNPs) depend to a great extent on their size, shape, size distribution, and stabilizers located on their surface. This study focused on two typical stabilizers, namely citrates(cit), low molecular ions protecting nanoparticles by electrostatic repulsion, and polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP), a hydrophilic, neutral, high molecular polymer protecting nanoparticles by steric stabilization. Natural bacterioplankton was collected from a eutrophic, downtown lake and exposed to five concentrations(0.1–5 mg/L) of AgNPs-PVP and AgNPs-cit. Responses were monitored after 1, 3, 5 and 7 days of exposure, by evaluating the survival rate of bacteria, their respiratory activity, and the general activity of extracellular esterases. A significantly better(greater) survival rate of bacterioplankton was observed in water with an addition of AgNPs-cit. The inhibition of extracellular esterases was observed only in samples containing AgNPs-PVP. The inhibitory effect increased proportionally to the concentration of AgNPs-PVP applied. Within the studied concentration range, there was no statistically significant inhibition of bacterioplankton respiratory activity by AgNPs-PVP and AgNPs-cit.     

Identification of sources of lead in the atmosphere by chemical speciation using X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy

Sources of Pb pollution in the local atmosphere together with Pb species, major ions, and heavy metal concentrations in a size-fractionated aerosol sample from Higashi-Hiroshima(Japan) have been determined by X-ray absorption near-edge structure(XANES) spectroscopy, ion chromatography, and ICP-MS/AES, respectively. About 80% of total Pb was concentrated in fine aerosol particles. Lead species in the coarse aerosol particles were PbC2O4, 2PbCO3·Pb(OH)2, and Pb(NO3)2, whereas Pb species in the fine aerosol particles were PbC2O4, PbSO4, and Pb(NO3)2. Chemical speciation and abundance data suggested that the source of Pb in the fine aerosol particles was different from that of the coarse ones. The dominant sources of Pb in the fine aerosol particles were judged to be fly ash from a municipal solid waste incinerator and heavy oil combustion. For the coarse aerosol particles, road dust was considered to be the main Pb source. In addition to Pb species, elemental concentrations in the aerosols were also determined. The results suggested that Pb species in size-fractionated aerosols can be used to identify the origin of aerosol particles in the atmosphere as an alternative to Pb isotope ratio measurement.     

Hygroscopicity of particles generated from photooxidation of α-pinene under different oxidation conditions in the presence of sulfate seed aerosols

Smog chamber experiments were conducted to investigate the hygroscopicity of particles generated from photooxidation of α-pinene/NOx with different sulfate seed aerosols or oxidation conditions. Hygroscopicity of particles was measured by a tandem differential mobility analyzer （TDMA） in terms of hygroscopic growth factor （Gf）, with a relative humidity of 85%. With sulfate seed aerosols present, Gf of the aerosols decreased very fast before notable secondary organic aerosols （SOA） formation was observed, indicating a heterogeneous process between inorganic seeds and organic products might take place as soon as oxidation begins, rather than only happening after gas-aerosol partition of organic products starts. The final SOA-coated sulfate particles had similar or lower Gf than seed-free SOA. The hygroscopicity of the final particles was not dependent on the thickness but on the hygroscopicity properties of the SOA, which were influenced by the initial sulfate seed particles. In the two designed aging processes, Gf of the particles increased more significantly with introduction of OH radical than with ozone. However, the hygroscopicity of SOA was very low even after a long time of aging, implying that either SOA aging in the chamber was very slow or the Gf of SOA did not change significantly in aging. Using an aerosol composition speciation monitor （ACSM） and matrix factorization （PMF） method, two factors for the components of SOA were identified, but the correlation between SOA hygroscopicity and the proportion of the more highly oxidized factor could be either positive or negative depending on the speciation of seed aerosols present.     

基于GIS和PSO-SVM模型的文山州石漠化风险评估

针对喀斯特石漠化风险评估影响因素较复杂且涉及众多地理空间对象的特点,本文在采用GIS技术对空间数据进行管理分析的基础上,提出了基于粒子群优化的支持向量机(PSO-SVM)的石漠化风险评估模型,分析了基于GIS的石漠化风险评估指标体系的建立过程,详细探讨了主成分分析与支持向量机模型相结合进行石漠化风险评估的方法与实现过程,并以云南省文山州为研究实例,将其与单独SVM模型和PSO-BP模型风险评估结果进行了对比分析,结果表明PSO-SVM模型的石漠化风险评估精度较高,效果更好。     

基于SVM的含缺陷20钢弯管爆破压力预测

为快速、精确预测含局部减薄缺陷的弯管爆破压力,首先验证显式非线性有限元模型的模拟精确性,然后以168组不同缺陷尺寸下20钢弯管爆破压力的有限元模拟数据作为学习样本,建立含局部减薄缺陷20钢弯管爆破压力预测的支持向量机(SVM)模型;其次利用交叉验证(CV)、遗传算法(GA)、粒子群算法(PSO)分别优化SVM模型;最后分析对比用于预测弯管爆破压力的3种优化SVM模型与ASME B31G-2009、DNV RP-F101、SHELL 92等3种通用规范的计算误差。结果表明：CV-SVM、GA-SVM、PSO-SVM等3种模型的预测误差均小于3种规范的计算误差,其最大相对误差分别为-2.33%、-3.4%和1.94%;说明SVM模型用于预测弯管爆破压力时操作简单、计算时间短、预测精度高、工程实用性好。     

炭载Mn-Co-Ce复合氧化物粒子电极处理亚甲基蓝模拟废水

以颗粒活性炭(GAC)为载体,通过浸渍法制备了多种负载型粒子电极,并研究其对亚甲基蓝模拟废水的处理效果。结果表明,负载了Mn-Co-Ce复合氧化物的粒子电极对亚甲基蓝的脱色效果最好,1.5 h的脱色率可达94.31%,COD去除率为65.11%。通过单因素实验确定的最佳实验条件如下:反应时间为1.5 h,槽电压为20 V,辅助电解质Na2SO4浓度为0.15 mol/L,极板间距为4 cm。反应动力学分析显示,亚甲基蓝的脱色反应表现为一级反应动力学。系统连续运行30次以上,脱色率为80%和COD去除率为50%,说明该粒子电极具有一定的稳定性。紫外-可见光吸收光谱分析进一步表明Mn-Co-Ce/GAC对亚甲基蓝溶液有着很好的脱色效果。     

多孔不锈钢基氧化铝膜去除水溶液中的Cr(VI)和Cd(II)

通过悬浮粒子浸涂法将合成的γ-Al₂O₃纳米粒子固载于316L多孔不锈钢表面以吸附水溶液中的Cr（VI）和Cd（Ⅱ）.扫描电镜（SEM）和X射线衍射（XRD）测试结果表明,γ相的Al₂O₃纳米粒子均匀地涂在了316L多孔不锈钢基体上,膜体表面沉积厚度约为20 μm.该膜对单一Cr（VI）和Cd（Ⅱ）吸附的最佳pH分别为3.0~4.0和8.0~9.0,吸附均符合动力学准二级模型和Langmuir吸附等温模型,最大吸附量分别为0.603 mg·g^-1和0.399 mg·g^-1.本研究可为水体中的高毒性重金属Cr（VI）和Cd（Ⅱ）去除提供一定的理论和技术参考.