太湖藻对水-沉积物界面磷交换过程的影响

采用太湖梅梁湾沉积物和上覆水,以及从太湖水体中分离出的水华优势蓝藻(铜绿微囊藻)和常见绿藻(月芽藻), 室内模拟研究了这2种藻对太湖梅梁湾沉积物磷交换过程的影响. 结果表明:藻种的不同显著影响磷在水-沉积物界面的交换过程. 在沉积物和上覆水灭活条件下,铜绿微囊藻能够显著增加沉积物磷的释放量,引起上覆水中可溶性磷酸盐的增加;而月芽藻的存在没有引起沉积物中磷的明显释放,上覆水中可溶性磷酸盐一直保持在很低水平. 在低磷浓度的水体中,藻类会被诱导产生碱性磷酸酶,分解大分子可溶性有机磷,以满足自身生长的需要. 沉积物中各形态磷存在明显的转化作用,其中铁磷和碱提有机磷含量明显下降,而钙磷和酸提有机磷含量则大幅增加.      

如何放心吃禽类

正加热让病毒失去活性。目前并无证据表明人类食用禽肉或禽蛋会感染禽流感病毒,所以禽类是可以食用的,但记住必须加热来避免病毒传播。流感病毒(包括禽流感病毒)都有耐冷不耐热的特点,加热可以有效地使它们失去活性。禽流感病毒在70℃下两分钟,100℃下1分钟就能灭活。     

光明杀手：世纪末的话题

留神身边的“光污染”人们总是希冀着世界一片光明。可真要那样的话,世界也就大祸临头了。传说上古时代,天空突然出现了十个太阳,一时之间,天无分昼夜,人脚下无影,大地热浪滚滚,人人惶恐不安。这时出现了一位大英雄后羿,他用强弓一连射下了九个太阳,才把人们从水深火热之中拯救出来。看来光明太多,不见得就是件好事。在古希腊,有一次敌人庞大的舰队来犯,城邦里只剩下些妇孺。天才的物理学家阿基米德便让全城的妇女集中到海岸     

Investigation of UV-TiO2 photocatalysis and its mechanism in Bacillus subtilis spore inactivation

The inactivation levels of Bacillus subtilis spores for various disinfection processes （ultraviolet （UV）, TiO2 and UV-TiO2） were compared. The results showed that the inactivation effect of B. subtilis spores by UV treatment alone was far below that for bacteria without endospores. TiO2 alone in the dark, as a control experiment, exhibited almost no inactivation effect. Compared with UV treatment alone, the inactivation effect increased significantly with the addition of TiO2. Increases of the UV irradiance and Ti02 concentration both contributed to the increase of the inactivation effect. Lipid peroxidation was found to be the underlying mechanism of inactivation. Malondialdehyde （MDA）, the degradation product of lipid peroxidation, was used as an index to determine the extent of the reaction. The MDA concentration surged surprisingly to 3.24 nmol/mg dry cell with the combination disinfection for 600 see （0.10 mW/cm2 irradiance and 10 mg/L TiO2）. In contrast, for UV alone or TiO2 in the dark, the MDA concentration was 0.38 and 0.25 nmol/mg dry cell, respectively, under the same conditions. This indicated that both UV and TiO2 were essential for lipid peroxidation. Changes in cell ultrastructure were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The cell membrane was heavily damaged and cellular contents were completely lysed with the UV-TiO2 process, suggesting that lipid peroxidation was the root of the enhancement in inactivation efficiency.     

紫外线消毒系统中强度分布的理论计算与生物验证对比

应用以MPSS模型为基础的计算软件UV calc对某饮用水紫外线消毒反应器进行强度分布的计算,同时,采用枯草芽孢杆菌(ATCC9372)作为受试菌种进行生物验证.结果显示,在该反应器中理论计算数值总体上明显高于生物验证的数值,反应器中最低紫外剂量区域出现在2支灯管之间的反应器壁附近.另外,理论计算和生物验证的误差与流量、透光率具有相关性.在高流量、低透光率的情况下,理论计算的数值更接近于生物验证数值.相对于理论计算,生物验证是确定紫外线反应器剂量反应曲线的可靠方法.     

A fate model of pathogenic viruses in a composting toilet based on coliphage inactivation

A composting toilet using sawdust as a matrix has the potential to trap pathogens that might occasionally be contained in human feces. Therefore, care should be taken when handling the sawdust. It should also be noted that pathogenic viruses tend to have stronger tolerance than pathogenic bacteria. The fates of several species of coliphages, T4, , Q and MS2, in sawdust were investigated as a viral model. The fates of coliphages were significantly different among them, and they changed in response to temperature and the water content of the sawdust. As the results, T4 coliphage had the strongest tolerance and Q had the weakest one in sawdust. It was estimated the days required to decrease virus to a safe level based on a risk assessment. According to the rates of Q and T4, 15 days and 167 days were required respectively for a safe level of infection risk based on actually operated composting toilet condition. Thus, it was significantly different depending on the species and sawdust conditions.     

SODIS法对原水消毒的影响因素及发展趋势

阳光消毒法是一种简单、实用性强和无能耗的消毒方法,利用太阳的紫外光去除水中的病原微生物,特别适用于偏远和贫困地区。文章介绍了SOD IS法的操作,以及影响SOD IS法灭活效果的UV-A光照剂量、气候和天气状况、原水的浊度、容器的材质和形状、原水溶氧量及微生物的类型等因素,分析了其发展现状和趋势,对偏远地区的家庭饮用水消毒灭菌具有指导意义。     

再生水常用消毒方法及其主要问题

消毒剂选取对再生水管网中的微生物控制以及用户的安全至关重要.本文阐述了再生水常用消毒剂次氯酸钠、二氧化氯、氯胺、臭氧和紫外线的消毒机理及其优缺点,指出了目前消毒工艺存在的主要问题,并以此为基础提出了未来的发展方向.