海洋石油降解菌Alcanivorax sp. 97CO-5的固定化及其石油降解效果

本文应用不同材料固定海洋石油烃降解菌Alcanivorax sp.97CO-5,考察并比较了其成型、传质、包埋菌体活性和石油降解性能。实验结果表明:2.5%海藻酸钠包埋材料中细菌的增长最为显著,8 d后材料中细菌数量达到1.2×106CFU/g,为初始细菌细胞数量的3.85倍,是最适的固定化材料。固定化菌剂的石油降解实验结果表明,固定化菌剂14 d对石油的净降解率达到34.1%,其石油降解效果优于游离菌体(28.3%);气相色谱质谱联用分析表明,固定化菌剂对石油中总烷烃降解率为57.9%,其中对nC21~nC31的中长链烷烃的降解率可达到54.6%;固定化菌剂相对于游离菌体,对芴(FLU)和二苯并噻吩(DBT)两类烷基化多环芳烃的降解率明显提高,达到44.9%和44.2%,而游离降解菌仅为25.4%和24.7%。实验证明,固定化技术促进了Alcanivorax sp.97CO-5菌体降解性能的发挥尤其是对中长链烷烃和部分芳烃成分的降解。     

非煤矿山采空区失稳机理及稳定性数值模拟分析

地下开采形成的采空区而引起的灾害已成为地下矿山主要灾害之一。本文从非煤矿山采空区顶板(连续性结构岩体层状顶板、非连续性碎裂结构岩体)和矿柱两个关键影响要素对采空区失稳机理进行了研究,同时结合工程实例,采用FLAC3D软件对采空区稳定性进行了数值模拟计算与分析。结果表明:采空区围岩受力及变形导致的失稳状况与理论计算相吻合,并在工程上得到了很好的验证和应用。     

基于对比度传输方程的非均匀海水透明度的计算

针对非均匀水体中海水透明度和对比度关系研究较少、海水透明度计算精度较低等问题,推导了在非均匀水体中目标对比度的传输方程,并利用该传输方程建立了海水透明度的计算模型,有利于海水透明度的精确计算,实验证明,该计算模型具有较高的精度和通用性。     

SNCR脱硝技术在480t/h循环流化床锅炉上的应用

介绍某电厂480 t/h循环流化床锅炉SNCR脱硝系统的脱硝原理、基本构成及应用效果。测试结果表明,循环流化床锅炉选用SNCR技术可以实现很低的NOx排放值,满足最严格的NOx排放法规要求,考虑到循环流化床锅炉原始NOx排放水平较低,SNCR系统由于设备简单、结构紧凑、成本低廉,因此更适宜于循环流化床锅炉电厂。     

锰氧化菌Aminobacter sp.H1的分离鉴定及其锰氧化机制研究

从某水厂的生物除锰滤池中分离出1株新的高效锰氧化菌,命名为H1.通过生理生化及16S rDNA序列对比分析鉴定为氨基杆菌(Aminobacter sp.),国内外未曾有对该菌株具有锰氧化能力的相关报道.本文对Aminobacter sp.H1的微生物特性、锰氧化机制及生成的生物氧化锰的性质进行了研究.结果表明,Aminobacter sp.H1的锰耐受浓度高达50 mmol·L-1,可完全去除浓度低于10 mmol·L-1的Mn(Ⅱ).菌株H1对Mn(Ⅱ)的氧化主要是通过产生锰氧化活性因子和碱性代谢产物提高pH两个因素共同作用的结果,活性因子细胞内合成后分泌到细胞外起作用.氧化过程中发现有Mn(Ⅲ)中间体出现,XRD、XPS、SEM-EDX等分析菌株H1介导生成的生物氧化锰发现,生物氧化锰与菌体结合紧密,弱结晶、无固定形态,成分主要为MnCO3、MnOOH、Mn3O4和MnO2等.     

河蚬（Corbicula fluminea）扰动对表层沉积物中氨氧化菌群落结构和丰度的影响

为研究不同生物量河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)的生物扰动对表层沉积物中氨氧化菌群落结构和丰度的影响,本研究设计了沉积物-水微宇宙的模拟体系,通过构建克隆文库、实时荧光定量PCR(real-time qPCR)等分子生物学方法比较不同密度河蚬扰动的沉积物中氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea,AOA)和氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,AOB)群落结构和丰度差异.结果表明,河蚬的生物扰动作用对表层沉积物氮素释放有明显的促进作用.氨氧化菌(AOA和AOB)amoA基因克隆文库中,AOA的amoA基因序列包含了已知的海洋和土壤环境中的两个分支,AOB的amoA基因绝大部分序列都属于变形菌门β亚纲(β-Proteobacteria)中的亚硝化单细胞菌属(Nitrosomonas).3个处理组表层沉积物中细菌amoA基因丰度均高于古菌amoA基因丰度,且河蚬密度越高则细菌amoA的丰度越低.同时,河蚬的添加使得微宇宙体系中氨氧化菌(AOA和AOB)的多样性降低.综上,河蚬的生物扰动对表层沉积物中氨氧化菌群落结构和丰度产生了一定的影响.     

再生水无计划间接补充饮用水的雌激素健康风险

以城市污水为水源的再生水中含有一定量的雌激素类内分泌干扰物,其在无计划间接补充饮用水过程中存在潜在健康风险.针对再生水经河流补给湖库型水源地的典型场景,研究了再生水中雌酮、雌二醇、17α-乙炔基雌二醇、双酚A、壬基酚和辛基酚在水体中的变化规律,评价了雌激素的健康风险.结果表明,再生水(二级出水)中雌激素类物质的质量浓度多分布在0.1~100 ng·L-1水平;双酚A和壬基酚的浓度较高,可达到1~10μg·L-1水平.再生水间接补充饮用水过程中,雌激素的浓度受到上游来水稀释、河道湖库自然降解和饮用水处理工艺去除等作用的影响.雌酮、雌二醇、双酚A、壬基酚和辛基酚的非致癌风险较小,都低于规定值1.当湖库型水源地的水力停留时间大于30 d时,再生水中17α-乙炔基雌二醇对人体的非致癌风险值大多小于1;当停留时间小于10 d且再生水占饮用水比例达50%以上时,16%~47%样品的17α-乙炔基雌二醇的非致癌风险值大于1,其健康风险需优先关注.     

北京大气降水中细菌气溶胶的多样性研究

利用16S rRNA基因测序分类学技术,分别以北京市区2011及2012年不同月份的降水样品中细菌的基因组DNA为模板,通过克隆、测序构建基因组文库,研究了北京市大气降水中细菌的群落结构组成及多样性变化.系统发育分析结果表明,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)(α-,β-,γ-)是北京市降水样品中细菌的优势菌群(75.6%~100%),另外包括拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、异常球菌门(Deinococcus-Thermus)、蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)、硝化螺菌门(Nitrospira)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)共7个主要门类的细菌,以及未定菌(TM7).多样性指数分析结果显示,不同的降水样品,细菌群落结构组成及多样性均存在着差异性,冬季12月份雪水样品细菌群落结构多样性明显高于其他季节的样品,细菌群落多样性(Shannon,H)特点是,冬季秋季夏季.     

Enhancing plant-microbe associated bioremediation of phenanthrene and pyrene contaminated soil by SDBS-Tween 80 mixed surfactants

The use of surfactants to enhance plant-microbe associated dissipation in soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) is a promising bioremediation technology. This comparative study was conducted on the effects of plant-microbe treatment on the removal of phenanthrene and pyrene from contaminated soil, in the presence of low concentration single anionic, nonionic and anionic-nonionic mixed surfactants. Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate(SDBS) and Tween 80 were chosen as representative anionic and nonionic surfactants, respectively. We found that mixed surfactants with concentrations less than 150 mg/kg were more effective in promoting plant-microbe associated bioremediation than the same amount of single surfactants. Only about(m/m) of mixed surfactants was needed to remove the same amount of phenanthrene and pyrene from either the planted or unplanted soils, when compared to Tween 80. Mixed surfactants( 150 mg/kg) better enhanced the degradation efficiency of phenanthrene and pyrene via microbe or plant-microbe routes in the soils. In the concentration range of 60–150 mg/kg, both ryegrass roots and shoots could accumulate 2–3 times the phenanthrene and pyrene with mixed surfactants than with Tween 80. These results may be explained by the lower sorption loss and reduced interfacial tension of mixed surfactants relative to Tween 80, which enhanced the bioavailability of PAHs in soil and the microbial degradation efficiency. The higher remediation efficiency of low dosage SDBS-Tween 80 mixed surfactants thus advanced the technology of surfactant-enhanced plant-microbe associated bioremediation.     

Immigrant Pantoea agglomerans embedded within indigenous microbial aggregates：A novel spatial distribution of epiphytic bacteria

Immigrant bacteria located on leaf surfaces are important to the health of plants as well as to people who consume fresh fruits and vegetables. However, the spatial distribution and organization of these immigrant bacteria on leaf surfaces are still poorly understood. To examine the spatial organization of these strains, two bacterial strains on tobacco leaves： （1） an indigenous strain, Pseudomonas stutzeri Nov. Y2011 labeled with green fluorescent protein, and （2） an immigrant strain Pantoea agglomerans labeled with cyan fluorescent protein isolated from pear, were studied. Under moist conditions, P. agglomerans cells quickly disappeared from direct observation by laser- scanning confocal microscopy, although elution results indicated that large amounts of live cells were still present on the leaves. Following exposure to desiccation stress, particles of cyan fluorescent protein-labeled P. agglomerans were visible within cracked aggregates of P. stutzeri Nov. Y2011. Detailed observation of sectioned aggregates showed that colonies of immigrant P. agglomerans were embedded within aggregates of P. stutzeri Nov. Y2011. Furthermore, carbon-resource partitioning studies suggested that these two species could coexist without significant nutritional competition. This is the first observation of an immigrant bacterium embedding within aggregates of indigenous bacteria on leaves to evade harsh conditions in the phyllosphere.