酸性条件下微米级锌铜双金属降解罗丹明B

通过置换反应得到最佳组成的微米级锌铜双金属（以下简称mZn/Cu）,以罗丹明B为目标污染物,研究了溶液初始pH、mZn/Cu用量和罗丹明B浓度等因素对mZn/Cu降解罗丹明B的影响,并通过单因素实验,确定了罗丹明B降解的最优条件。与单金属材料相比,由于mZn/Cu构成微电池显著提高了其供给电子的能力和化学活性,从而导致罗丹明B被更为有效降解。通过向反应体系中充入氮气去除溶解氧和加入自由基捕集剂叔丁醇和对苯醌,罗丹明B的降解率均有显著降低,并证实了在酸性条件下溶解氧从mZn/Cu表面获得电子,产生出具有强氧化性的羟基自由基和超氧根自由基,最终导致罗丹明B的氧化降解。由此可见,研究不仅基于通过简单置换反应获得的mZn/Cu材料提出了1种新的高级氧化技术,而且还探讨了其作用机理,从而为实现低成本、高效率的水体有机污染物降解提供有价值的参考。     

在模拟酸性海洋大气环境中锌缓蚀剂的研制

目的寻找有效抑制锌大气腐蚀的缓蚀剂配方。方法采用静态失重法、极化曲线法和交流阻抗法,研究模拟酸性海洋大气环境中,多聚磷酸钠单独使用以及分别与香草醛、碘化钾、硫脲复配使用时对锌腐蚀的缓蚀作用。结果多聚磷酸钠单独使用时对腐蚀介质中的锌具有较好的缓蚀作用,多聚磷酸钠与香草醛、碘化钾、硫脲之间有良好的协同缓蚀效应,最佳质量配比分别为3∶1,1∶2,1∶4。多聚磷酸钠以及多聚磷酸钠复配缓蚀剂属于混合抑制型缓蚀剂;它们能够在锌表面形成一层保护膜,从而抑制锌的腐蚀。结论寻找到的缓蚀剂配方能够有效抑制锌的大气腐蚀。     

Chemical fractionations and bioavailability of cadmium and zinc to cole （Brassica campestris L.） grown in the multi-metals contaminated oasis soil, northwest of China

A pot experiment was conducted to study the relationship between distribution of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) and their availability to cole (Brassica campestris L.) grown in the multi-metal contaminated oasis soil in northwest of China. The results showed that Cd and Zn in the unpolluted oasis soil was mainly found in the residual fractionation, however, with increasing contents of Cd and Zn in the oasis soil, the distribution of Cd and Zn changed significantly. The growth of cole could be promoted by low Cd and Zn concentration, but significantly restrained by high concentrations. There was antagonistic e ect among Cd and Zn in the multi-metals contaminated oasis soil. Stepwise regression analysis between fractionations distribution coe cients of the two meals in the soil and their contents in cole showed that both Cd and Zn in the exchangeable fractionation in the oasis soil made the most contribution on the uptake of Cd and Zn in cole. The bio-concentration factor (BCF) of Cd was greater than Zn in cole, and BCFs of the two metals in leaves were greater than those in roots. The translocation factors of the two metals in cole were greater than 1, and the two metals mainly accumulated in the edible parts in cole. Therefore, cole is not a suitable vegetable for the oasis soil because of the plants notable contamination by heavy metals.     

铜锌及其复合污染对西瓜种子萌发的影响

通过室内培养实验,研究了铜(Cu)和锌(Zn)单一及其复合污染对西瓜种子萌发的影响.结果表明,低浓度(20μmol/L)铜、锌单一及其复合处理对西瓜种子的发芽率没有影响,但增加了发芽指数、活力指数;促进r幼芽和幼根的伸长生长;提高了生物量的积累.高浓度(200 μmol/L)铜、锌单一及复合处理对西瓜种子的发芽率、发芽...     

纯电动汽车的火灾特性及热释放速率探讨

通过资料调研结合理论分析的研究方法,对纯电动汽车的火灾原因、火灾特性及火灾规模展开了讨论.文献调研结果表明,纯电动汽车火灾原因主要有4个方面:热滥用、电滥用、机械滥用及其他外部原因.纯电动汽车电池组的火灾很难被探测,由于外部喷洒的灭火剂无法接触到正在燃烧的电池组,在没有足够冷却的情况下,火灾容易在第一次扑灭后复燃.相比于内燃机汽车火灾,纯电动汽车火灾中易形成氟氧化磷(POF3)、氟化氢(HF)、氰化氢(HCN)和一氧化碳(CO)等有毒气体.此外,内燃机汽车与纯电动汽车都含有大量可燃物质.内燃汽车与纯电动汽车在可燃物方面的主要区别在于动力系统.对于内燃机汽车,动力系统的可燃物是液体石油燃料,而对于纯电动汽车,动力系统的可燃物是电池组.通过理论分析发现,可将纯电动汽车的热释放速率分为动力电池与其他可燃物两部分,并基于此提出了纯电动汽车火灾峰值热释放速率的估算公式.通过公式估算,小型纯电动汽车的热释放速率为5.3～6.4 MW,与全尺寸试验中的实测值接近.分析结果可为纯电动汽车火灾规模的选取提供参考.     

Biosorption of Cu^2＋ and Zn^2＋ by raw and autoclaved Rocella phycopsis

The behavior of Cu2+ and Zn2+ biosorption onto raw and modified Roccella phycopsis from aqueous solutions was studied. Modification process was applied by autoclavation at 121°C for 30 min. The effcts of pH, initial metal concentration and biosorbent dosage were investigated. The maximum Cu2+ biosorption was achieved at pH 5.0 and the maximum biosorption capacities of 31.5 and 37.8 mg/g were recorded for raw and modified biosorbent, respectively. In the case of Zn2+ biosorption, maximum biosorption capacities were obtained at pH 4.0 as 29.1 and 35.3 mg/g for raw and modified biosorbent, respectively. Biosorption of Zn2+ and Cu2+ on all form of R. phycopsis increased much quickly with increasing initial metal concentrations from 10 to 100 mg/L. After modification process, probable changes in the surface polarity of raw and modified R. phycopsis were investigated by contact angle measurements. As expected, R. phycopsis has a polar surface and shows a highest contact angle with water, while after autoclavation water contact angle of R. phycopsis was significantly decreased from 47.5° to 34.4°.     

商陆对镉锌铜胁迫的生理响应与金属积累特性

以水培方法研究了商陆(Phytolacca acinosa)在不同浓度镉、锌和铜处理下的叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、生物量和组织重金属含量。结果表明,随着处理浓度增加,叶绿素含量、SOD活性和生物量呈先增加后降低趋势。组织重金属含量在镉、锌、铜为最高浓度处理时达到最高值。根重金属含量高于茎和叶。叶片中重金属含量的最大值分别为镉100.6mg/kg、锌2753mg/kg、铜36.9mg/kg。商陆对锌的蓄积能力接近于超积累植物东南景天,是一种在锰锌复合污染土壤植物修复中具有较大应用潜力的种质资源。     

外源铜锌在我国典型土壤中的老化特征

采用室内培养的方法,研究了我国3种典型土壤——红壤、水稻土和褐土,在铜、锌单一污染和复合污染下的老化过程. 结果表明,有效态铜、锌（0.01 mol·L^-1 CaCl₂提取的金属）随时间先是快速下降,然后缓慢降低,大约90 d是转折点. 无论是在单一污染还是在复合污染土壤中,铜和锌的老化都没有显著差异,预示着这2个金属有相似的化学行为. 铜、锌在红壤、水稻土和褐土中的老化最适合二级动力学方程（R²为0.994 0～0.999 9, p<0.000 1）,而抛物线扩散方程拟合程度较差,说明金属有效形态向无效形态的转化过程（老化）并不完全取决于扩散作用,它是表面聚合/沉淀作用、有机质包裹作用、扩散作用等交互的结果. 铜锌在土壤中的老化显著受pH影响,在低pH土壤（红壤）,金属有效形态比例高,老化速率慢,速率常数k₂为4.36×10^-3～7.05×10^-3 kg·(mg·d)^-1;高pH土壤（褐土）中,金属有效形态比例低,老化速率快,k₂为1.095×10^-2～1.377×10^-2 kg·(mg·d)^-1. 也就是说,随土壤pH升高,金属的老化速率加快.     

微波加热浸出废电路板中铁和锌的实验研究

以硫酸为反应试剂,从经过粉碎、筛分后的废电路板粉末中浸出铁和锌。考察了硫酸浓度、微波功率和微波辐照时间工艺条件对反应的影响。实验结果表明,对于5 g金属物质,硫酸用量为50 mL,硫酸浓度为3 mol/L,微波功率为793 W,微波辐照时间为120 s时,铁和锌都有满意的浸出率,分别是74.4%和93.2%。     

有机改性膨润土吸附锌离子的性能

研究了有机改性膨润土对锌离子的吸附性能。结果表明:有机改性膨润土对水中锌离子的吸附在60 min达到平衡;在50 mL1、0 mg/L的锌离子溶液中,当其用量为1.0 g时,有机改性膨润土对水中锌离子的吸附去除率达到92.8%;温度对水溶液中锌离子的去除有一定的影响,有机改性膨润土吸附水中锌离子的过程为放热反应。平衡吸附量与平衡质量浓度之间的关系符合Freundlich和Langmuir等温吸附方程所描述的规律。