Characteristics of nanoparticles emitted from burning of biomass fuels

The characteristics of the particles of the smoke that is emitted from the burning ofbiomass fuels were experimentally investigated using a laboratory-scale tube furnace and different types of biomass fuels： rubber wood, whole wood pellets and rice husks. Emitted amounts of particles, particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） and water-soluble organic carbon （WSOC） are discussed relative to the size of the emitted particles, ranging to as small as nano-size （〈70 nm）, and to the rate of heating rate during combustion, differential thermal analysis （DTA） and thermogravimetric analysis （TG） techniques were used to examine the effect of heating rate and biomass type on combustion behaviors relative to the characteristics of particle emissions. In the present study, more than 30% of the smoke particles from the burning ofbiomass fuel had a mass that fell within a range of 〈 100 nm. Particles smaller than 0.43 μm contributed greatly to the total levels of toxic PAHs and WSOC. The properties of these particles were influenced by the fuel component, the combustion conditions, and the particle size. Although TC--DTA results indicated that the heating rate in a range of 10-20℃did not show a significant effect on the combustion properties, there was a slight increase in the decomposition temperature as heating rate was increased. The nano-size particles had the smallest fraction of particle mass and particle-bound PAHs, but nonetheless these particles registered the largest fraction of particle-bound WSOC.     

Synthesis and characterisation of potassium polytitanate for photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet

Potassium titanate nanostructures were synthesised by hydrothermal treatment of TiO2 （P25） in KOH and H2O2. As-produced powders were characterised by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption methods. Longitudinally-oriented-wire-like structures with a length up to several micrometres and diameters ranging from 10 to 30 nm were obtained. Larger size fibrous nanowires resulting from the hydrotherrnal treatment showed high affinity in adsorbing crystal violet （CV）, which was mainly due to their high surface area. The photocatalytic bleaching of CV solution revealed that the wires are photoactive under ultraviolet light irradiation. Macroporous nanowires are considered as effective adsorbents of CV, capable of photocatalvtic degradation, and they can be easily separated from the solution by settling.     

Graphene TiO2 nanocomposites with high photocatalytic activity for the degradation of sodium pentachlorophenol

A series of graphene–TiO2photocatalysts was synthesized by doping TiO2 with graphene oxide via hydrothermal treatment. The photocatalytic capability of the catalysts under ultraviolet irradiation was evaluated in terms of sodium pentachlorophenol（PCP-Na） decomposition and mineralization. The structural and physicochemical properties of these nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, N2adsorption–desorption, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance spectra, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The graphene–TiO2nanocomposites exhibited higher photocatalytic efficiency than commercial P25 for the degradation of PCP-Na, and 63.4% to 82.9% of the total organic carbon was fully mineralized. The improved photocatalytic activity may be attributed to the accelerated interfacial electron-transfer process and the significantly prolonged lifetime of electron-hole pairs imparted by graphene sheets in the nanocomposites. However,excessive graphene and the inhomogeneous aggregation of TiO2 nanoparticles may decrease photodegradation efficiency.     

Effects of pH on photochemical decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid in different atmospheres by 185 nm vacuum ultraviolet

Perfluorooctanoic acid （PFOA）, a persistent organic pollutant, receives increasing concerns due to its worldwide occurrence and resistance to most conventional treatment processes. The photochemical decomposition by 185 nm vacuum ultraviolet （VUV） is one of the efficient methods for PFOA decomposition. The effects of pH on PFOA decomposition in nitrogen atmosphere or oxygen atmosphere were investigated. At its original pH （4.5） of PFOA aqueous solution, PFOA decomposed efficiently both in nitrogen and in oxygen atmosphere. However, when the pH increased to 12.0, PFOA decomposition was greatly inhibited in oxygen atmosphere, while it was greatly accelerated in nitrogen atmosphere with a very short half-life time （9 rain）. Furthermore, fluorine atoms originally contained in PFOA molecules were almost completely transformed into fluoride ions. Two decomposi- tion pathways have been proposed to explain the PFOA decomposition under different conditions. In acidic and neutral solutions, PFOA predominantly decomposes via the direct photolysis in both atmospheres; while in the alkaline solution and in the absence of oxygen, the decomposition of PFOA is mainly induced by hydrated electrons.     

CuO NPs长期暴露对SBR废水处理效果的影响

研究了两种不同浓度CuO NPs(1 mg/L和10 mg/L)长期暴露对SBR反应器出水水质的影响。结果表明,在进水CuO NPs浓度为1 mg/L和10 mg/L,长期运行120 d后,SBR1(1 mg/L)和SBR2(10 mg/L)反应器出水的COD、氨氮(NH4+-N)和亚硝态氮(NO2--N)浓度与对照组(SBR0)相比没有明显变化,出水COD、NH4+-N基本被完全去除。然而,出水总磷(TP)和硝态氮(NO3--N)的浓度发生明显变化,SBR1和SBR2出水TP浓度相较于SBR0的0.20 mg/L分别升高到1.07 mg/L和1.65 mg/L,而出水NO3--N浓度相较于SBR0的5.86 mg/L分别降低为3.86 mg/L和3.01 mg/L。     

有机固化水玻璃及其纳米改性技术研究

水玻璃是一种重要的无机胶凝材料,在岩土体加固及钻孔护壁堵漏等方面应用较为广泛。本文在概述甲酰胺有机固化水玻璃体系的固化机理的基础上,通过室内固结试验重点研究了水加量、温度对浆液凝结时间的影响,并通过固砂体强度试验和模拟固化试验对有机固化水玻璃体系的强度性能进行了评价,同时对纳米碳酸钙改性后的浆液黏度和固砂体强度进行了评价。结果表明:甲酰胺有机固化水玻璃固结完整、强度较高、时间可控,且复杂条件下固结性能稳定;纳米碳酸钙改性后浆液黏度和固砂体强度明显增大。     

Fe_2O_3纳米粒子对土壤呼吸作用的影响研究

为了解Fe2O3纳米粒子对土壤有机碳分解矿化能力的影响,本研究采用室内培养实验,探讨了Fe2O3纳米粒子对土壤呼吸作用的影响。结果表明,在土壤中添加Fe2O3纳米粒子能够增强土壤呼吸作用,当Fe2O3纳米粒子加入量为10 g·kg-1时,土壤呼吸作用最强。本研究表明Fe2O3纳米粒子具有增强土壤有机碳分解矿化的作用。     

纳米复合水凝胶的制备及其对重金属离子的吸附

以N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺(HMAm)和2-丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEA)为共聚单体,采用60Co-γ射线低温辐照法,制备了具酰胺基和羟基的新型聚合物水凝胶p(HMAm/HEA),运用原位沉淀法制备了纳米复合水凝胶HMO-p(HMAm/HEA),用于对重金属离子Pb~(2+)和Cu~(2+)的去除.应用SEM、TEM、FTIR等方法对水凝胶进行表征,表征结果证明p(HMAm/HEA)是HMAm和HEA的共聚产物,且纳米水合氧化锰(HMO)成功负载.探讨了溶液初始p H值、反应温度、重金属初始浓度、反应时间、竞争性Ca~(2+)和Na+浓度等因素对纳米复合水凝胶吸附过程的影响,研究表明HMO-p(HMAm/HEA)对Pb~(2+)和Cu~(2+)的吸附过程不受温度的影响;吸附量随着溶液初始p H的升高而增加;吸附过程属于Langmuir单分子层吸附;吸附动力学过程符合准二级动力学吸附;高浓度的Ca~(2+)和Na~+对吸附过程影响不大.XPS图谱进一步证明吸附机制是重金属离子与羟基间的离子交换作用.采用0.05 mol·L~(-1)的HCl溶液为脱附剂,经过4次吸附-脱附循环再生后,纳米复合水凝胶重复利用性好.     

生物法回收贵金属铂纳米颗粒及其机制

利用自行分离的粪肠球菌Z5(Enterococcus faecalis Z5)菌株(保藏号CCTCC M2012445)回收贵金属铂,探讨了其在外源电子供体条件下以纳米颗粒形式回收溶液中化合态铂的可能性,研究了铂初始浓度、生物量、温度以及p H值对回收过程的影响,探讨了粪肠球菌Z5回收铂纳米颗粒过程的可能机制.结果表明,粪肠球菌Z5菌株可以回收铂纳米颗粒,回收过程主要包括生物吸附和生物还原.铂初始浓度为286.46 mg·L~(-1)、生物量为3.2 g·L~(-1)、温度50℃以及p H值为6时为其最佳回收条件.X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电镜(TEM)分析表明,回收产物为5 nm左右粒径的铂纳米颗粒,主要分布于细胞周质.X射线电子能谱(XPS)分析显示,Pt(Ⅳ)首先被还原为Pt(Ⅱ),然后被还原为Pt(0),且从Pt(Ⅱ)还原成Pt(0)为限制步骤,傅里叶红外(FTIR)分析显示菌体表面的羟基和酰胺基官能团可能在回收过程中起作用.     

HT系列新型袋式除尘器在碳酸钙烘干机的应用

国内生产纳米级碳酸钙的企业大多选择三蒸往复式烘干机对一次脱水后的碳酸钙粉体进行脱水,烘干机排放的废气具有温度高、湿度大、气体含尘浓度高、粉尘粒径细微、易结晶等问题,为了能更好地处理废气中的粉尘,重点分析了碳酸钙生产企业纳米级烘干机排放气体的特性,结合旋风除尘器、静电除尘器、普通袋式除尘器在此行业中实际使用情况,进行分析和性能对比,重点说明HT系列新型袋式除尘器在碳酸钙行业的应用和特点.该类型除尘器既降低了设备投资成本,又实现了高效率回收、高标准排放.