活性氧和钙离子参与镉诱导的酵母细胞死亡过程调节

以酵母为实验材料,研究了镉(以CdCl2形式添加)对细胞的毒性作用机制.结果显示,浓度为0.25~5 mmol·L-1的镉可降低酵母细胞活性,诱导细胞死亡;随着镉浓度的提高和处理时间的延长,细胞死亡率增高.凋亡抑制剂Z-Asp-CH2-DCB与镉共同作用后,细胞死亡率明显低于镉单独处理组.经镉处理后,酵母细胞内的活性氧(ROS)水平显著升高;外源抗氧化剂抗坏血酸和过氧化氢酶能降低镉引发的细胞死亡,特异性Ca2+螯合剂EGTA或Ca2+通道特异性抑制剂LaCl3亦可明显降低镉诱发的细胞死亡率.研究表明,镉诱发的酵母细胞死亡过程存在依赖于caspase途径的细胞凋亡途径;镉诱发的死亡与镉处理组胞内ROS和Ca2+水平升高有关,ROS可能通过增加胞内Ca2+水平,继而激活相关下游信号导致细胞死亡.     

Immunotoxic effects of an industrial waste incineration site on groundwater in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The discharge of organic waste from the petrochemical industry into the Mercier lagoons caused major groundwater contamination. The objective of this study was to determine the immunotoxic potential of three groundwater wells at increasing distance from the incinerator dumping site （1.17, 2.74 and 5.40 km）. Rainbow Trout were exposed to increasing concentrations of water from three groundwater wells for 14 days. Immunocompetence was characterized by phagocytosis, mitogen-stimulated proliferation of lymphocytes, cell cycle analysis and apoptosis. A significant increase in innate （phagocytosis） and specific immune response （B lymphocyte proliferation） was observed in trout exposed to water collected from the well at 2.74 km. However, phagocytosis activity was suppressed in groups at 1.17 and 5.40 km. The proportion of lymphocytes in S phase was significantly increased in groups at 2.74 and 5.40 kin, while lymphocytes in G0/G1 phase were decreased in all three exposure groups. Additionally, dexamethasone （DEX）-induced apoptosis of lymphocytes was significantly reduced in the group at 2.74 km, which suggests decreased lymphocyte turnover. Furthermore, the ratio of DEX- induced apoptosis/apoptosis was lower in the groups at 2.74 and 5.40 km. In summary, our experiments have shown that exposure to the mixture of organic compounds present in Mercier groundwater modulates phagocytosis and cell proliferation, disrupts the cell cycle and reduces the ratio of DEX- induced apoptosis/apoptosis. It is concluded that groundwater collected in the vicinity of an incinerator containment field could impact immunocompetence in fish.     

Physiological cellular responses and adaptations of Rhodococcus erythropolis IBBPo1 to toxic organic solvents

A new Gram-positive bacterium, Rhodococcus erythropolis IBBPo1（KF059972.1） was isolated from a crude oil-contaminated soil sample by enrichment culture method. R. erythropolis IBBPo1 was able to tolerate a wide range of toxic compounds, such as antibiotics（800–1000 μg/mL）,synthetic surfactants（50–200 μg/mL）, and organic solvents（40%–100%）. R. erythropolis IBBPo1 showed good tolerance to both alkanes（cyclohexane, n-hexane, n-decane） and aromatics（toluene, styrene, ethylbenzene） with logPOW（logarithm of the partition coefficient of the solvent in octanol–water mixture） values between 2.64 and 5.98. However, alkanes were less toxic for R. erythropolis IBBPo1 cells, compared with aromatics. The high organic solvent tolerance of R. erythropolis IBBPo1 could be due to the presence in their large genome of some catabolic（alkB, alkB1, todC1, todM, xylM）, transporter（HAE1） and trehalose-6-phosphate synthase（otsA1, KF059973.1） genes. Numerous and complex physiological cellular responses and adaptations involved in organic solvent tolerance were revealed in R. erythropolis IBBPo1 cells exposed 1 and 24 hr to 1% organic solvents. R. erythropolis IBBPo1 cells adapt to 1% organic solvents by changing surface hydrophobicity, morphology and their metabolic fingerprinting.Considerable modifications in otsA1 gene sequence were also observed in cells exposed to organic solvents（except ethylbenzene）.     

Seasonal dynamics of water bloom-forming Microcystis morphospecies and the associated extracellular microcystin concentrations in large, shallow, eutrophic Dianchi Lake

The increasing occurrence of Microcystis blooms is of great concern to public health and ecosystem due to the potential hepatotoxic microcystins （MCs） produced by these colonial cyanobacteria. In order to interpret the relationships between variations of Microcyst/s morphospedes and extracellular MC concentrations, the seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton community composition, MC concentrations, and environmental parameters were monitored monthly from August, 2009 to July, 2010. The results indicated that Microcystis dominated total phytoplankton abundance from May to December （96%--99% of total biovolume）, with toxic Microcystis viridis and non-toxic Microcystis wesenbergii dominating after July （constituting 65%- 95% of the Microcystis population）, followed by M. viridis as the sole dominant species from November to January （49%--93%）. Correlation analysis revealed that water temperature and nutrient were the most important variables accounting for the occurrence ofM. wesenbergii, while the dominance ofM. viridis was related with nitrite and nitrate. The relatively low content of MCs was explained by the association with a large proportion of M. viriclis and M. wesenbergii, small colony size of Microcystis populations, and low water temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen. The extracellular MC （mean of 0.5 ± 0.2 μg/L） of water samples analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） demonstrated the low concentrations of MC in Dianchi Lake which implied the low potential risk for human health in the basin. The survey provides the first whole lake study of the occurrence and seasonal variability of Microcyst/s population and     

短时光照对微囊藻细胞比重与胞内糖含量的影响

为深入探索微囊藻细胞内糖及比重在短时间内的变化规律以及对光照强度的响应情况,开展了纯培养实验。在温度25~26℃,光照强度0、1 000、3 000、5 000和10 000 lx条件下培养5 h。结果表明,微囊藻细胞内糖含量和比重随光照时间的变化规律均呈现显著的线性特征,在暗光条件下糖含量和比重随光照时间线性减少,在其余光照强度下随时间线性增加;且两者对光照强度均呈现正响应,即光照强度越大,糖含量和微囊藻细胞比重的增加速率也越大。糖含量和比重之间相关性显著,相关系数均在0.78以上。通过对糖含量和细胞比重的变化同步性和相关性分析,验证了在短时光照条件下胞内糖对细胞比重的调节作用。     

微生物学检验中菌落总数测量结果不确定度的评定研究

文章主要分析了微生物学检验中菌落总数测量不确定度的数学模型、测量不确定度的来源分析、测量不确定度的计算以及相应的表示方法.微生物学检验中菌落总数的测定,其特点是同一样品测定结果相差极大,由随机效应带来的测量重复性所导致的不确定度占了主要部分.通常的做法是对同一样品作多次测量,取对数后进行计算.     

燃料油水溶液对牙鲆幼鱼的细胞毒性及DNA损伤

海洋溢油污染是当前世界各国普遍关注的环境问题之一,本实验以牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)幼鱼为受试生物,研究了低剂量燃料油水溶液暴露对牙鲆幼鱼肝脏和鳃组织中超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)、过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)、谷胱甘肽转硫酶(Glutathione S-transferase,GST)活性和脂质过氧化(Lipid peroxidation,LPO)水平、血细胞溶酶体膜稳定性的影响以及产生的DNA损伤。结果表明:(1)抗氧化酶活性及脂质过氧化水平对燃料油胁迫的响应存在明显的组织差异,且同一种酶活性在不同的时间对燃料油污染的响应也不同;(2)溶酶体膜稳定性随着燃料油浓度增大与实验时间的延长而降低(P0.05),解除污染后低浓度组(0.001 mg/L)恢复至对照组水平(P0.05),中(0.010 mg/L)、高(0.100 mg/L)浓度组则不能恢复至对照组水平(P0.05);(3)燃料油暴露可使牙鲆血细胞DNA受到明显损伤,染毒第15 d,低浓度组组与中浓度组血细胞DNA损伤为中度损伤,高浓度组为重度损伤,解除污染6 d后,低浓度组与中浓度组组恢复至轻度损伤,高浓度组恢复至中度损伤。因此,燃料油污染会对牙鲆造成脂质过氧化损伤,影响血细胞溶酶体膜的稳定性,最终对生物产生遗传损伤。     

库尔特颗粒计数仪在油田注水系统中的应用

油田注水系统中悬浮物的含量和粒径中值是注水水质严格控制的两项指标。库尔特颗粒计数仪(MS3)采用最新的数字脉冲测量技术可测定水中的颗粒总数和粒径中值。文章主要论述了MS3的工作原理、功能参数。通过实验说明MS3在注水水质控制指标中的应用,以及通过测定水样的粒径分布和颗粒总数的变化情况掌握污水处理单元的处理效果,以利于更好的控制注水水质。     

要闻

正中国完成两成埃博拉病毒样本检测从中国援助塞拉利昂移动实验室检测队传出消息,自9月28日正式投入工作以来,实验室接检样本已近200份,占该国埃博拉病毒样本检测总量的20%以上。检测队技术保障组组长王承宇说,这个结果是在异常艰苦的条件下取得的。当地保障条件不及国内,实验室一旦出现故障,可能酿成重大生物安全事故,为此技术保障组5名专家"像爱护自己的眼睛一样守护着设备"。他介绍说,每天实验室启动前,都要检查发电站和水     

ASBR处理高浓度悬浮固体废物的工艺特性

在水力停留时间(HRT)分别为20、10、7.5、5d的条件下,进行了中温、高温厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)处理热水解污泥的试验,在此基础上总结了ASBR处理高浓度悬浮固体废物的工艺特性.ASBR可以有效积累悬浮固体从而保持较高的固体浓度,但ASBR存在一“临界点”,即最大积累悬浮固体的能力,超过此临界点,反应器运行不稳.在稳态运行条件下,ASBR能保持较高固体停留时间(SRT)和微生物平均细胞停留时间(MCRT),在处理热水解污泥时,SRT和MCRT分别是水力停留时间(HRT)的2.53～3.73倍、2.03～3.14倍.因此,与传统的连续流搅拌反应器(CSTR)相比,ASBR的处理效率提高7.13%～34.68%.