NO参与铝诱导蚕豆保卫细胞死亡的调控

铝(Al)是地壳中含量最丰富的金属元素,是酸性土壤中导致植物生长抑制和作物产量下降的一个主要因素,但铝毒性作用机制尚不清楚.本文以蚕豆叶表皮为材料,研究铝胁迫对气孔保卫细胞活性的影响,探讨NO在铝诱导细胞死亡中的作用.结果表明,一定浓度的A1Cl3可诱导气孔保卫细胞活性降低,部分细胞死亡,且随着铝浓度的增高细胞死亡率增高.死细胞呈现核固缩、核崩解、凋亡小体等典型凋亡特征,且凋亡抑制剂Z-Asp-CH2-DCB能阻止AlCl3诱发的细胞死亡.用NO清除剂c-PTIO、NO合酶抑制剂L-NAME或硝酸还原酶抑制剂NaN3降低铝处理组胞内NO后,细胞死亡率显著降低,胞内ROS、Ca2+水平同期降低;NaN3还能降低铝处理组中具有程序性死亡特征的细胞比率.用ROS清除剂AsA清除铝处理组胞内ROS后,细胞死亡率显著降低,胞内Ca2+和NO水平亦显著降低;铝处理液中加入Ca2+通道抑制剂LaCl3后,细胞死亡率低于铝单独处理组,胞内ROS和NO水平无明显改变.研究结果表明,铝胁迫引起的胞内NO合成增加通过Ca2+信号途径介导了保卫细胞的程序性死亡.     

小飞扬草(Euphorbia thymifolia L.)中镉的亚细胞分布及化学形态

采用差速离心法和逐步提取法,分析Cd超积累植物小飞扬草根、茎、叶中Cd的亚细胞分布和化学形态。培养液中Cd浓度5mg/L和10mg/L条件下,在小飞扬草根、茎、叶中,细胞壁和细胞膜是Cd主要的结合场所,含量分别占总量的47.1%～49.0%、39.7%～41.4%、42.9%～56.2%,其次是胞液组分,含量分别占37.5%～41.4%、28.2%～40.7%、35.2%～46.8%,细胞器组分中Cd含量较少。Cd在小飞扬草根、茎、叶中均以氯化钠提取态为主,含量分别占70.5%～84.8%、72.4%～83.0%、50.0%～74.8%。根部各提取态含量依次为CNaCl>CHAC>CEtOH>CHCl>CW>CR,茎、叶中各提取态含量依次为CNaCl>CHCl>CHAC>CEtOH>CW>CR。在小飞扬草中,Cd与细胞壁和细胞膜中的果胶酸和蛋白质等物质结合固定,而进入细胞的Cd大部分与有机酸络合而隔离于液泡内,这可能是小飞扬草忍耐并超积累Cd的机制。     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯暴露对雄性大鼠生精细胞功能影响

观察不同剂量的邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)对成年大鼠生精细胞损伤、端粒酶和端粒酶逆转录酶(TERT)表达影响.对40只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分成4组,分别为500mg·kg-1·d-1、250mg·kg-1·d-1、50mg·kg-1·d-1 3个染毒组和1个对照组,灌胃量为5mL·kg-1体重,灌胃法连续给药6周.对体重...     

Competition of bloom-forming marine phytoplankton at low nutrient concentrations

Competition of three bloom-forming marine phytoplankton (diatom Skeletonema costatum, and dinoflagellates Prorocentrum minimum and Alexandrium tamarense) was studied through a series of multispecies cultures with di erent nitrate (NaNO3) and phosphate (NaH2PO4) levels and excess silicate to interpret red tide algae succession. S. costatum outgrew the other two dinoflagellates in nitrate and phosphate replete cultures with 10 mol/L Na2SiO3. Under nitrate limited (8.82 mol/L NaNO3) conditions, the growth of S. costatum was also dominant when phosphate concentrations were from 3.6 to 108 mol/L. Cell density of the two dinoflagellates only increased slightly, to less than 400 and 600 cells/mL, respectively. Cell density of S. costatum decreased with time before day 12, and then increased to 4000 cells/mL (1.5 mg/L dry biomass) at NaNO3 concentrations between 88.2 and 882 mol/L with limited phosphate (0.36 mol/L NaH2PO4) levels. In addition, P. minimum grew well with a maximal cell density of 1690–2100 cells/mL (0.5–0.6 mg/L dry biomass). Although S. costatum initially grew fast, its cell density decreased quickly with time later in the growth phase and the two dinoflagellates were dominant under the nitrate-limited and high nitrate conditions with limited phosphate. These results indicated that the diatom was a poor competitor compared to the two dinoflagellates under limited phosphate; however, it grew well under limited nitrate when growth of the dinoflagellates was near detection limits.     

Primary neuronal-astrocytic co-culture platform for neurotoxicity assessment of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

Plastics such as polyvinyl chlorides （PVC） are widely used in many indoor constructed environments; however, their unbound chemicals, such as di-（2-ethylhexyl） phthalates （DEHP）, can leach into the surrounding environment. This study focused on DEHP＇s effect on the central nervous system by determining the precise DEHP content in mice brain tissue after exposure to the chemical, to evaluate the specific exposure range. Primary neuronal-astrocyte co-culture systems were used as in vitro models for chemical hazard identification of DEHP. Oxidative stress was hypothesized as a probable mechanism involved, and therefore the total reactive oxygen species （ROS） concentration was determined as a biomarker of oxidative stress. In addition, NeuriteTracer, a neurite tracing plugin with ImageJ, was used to develop an assay for neurotoxicity to provide quantitative measurements of neurological parameters, such as neuronal number, neuron count and neurite length, all of which could indicate neurotoxic effects. The results showed that with 1 nmol/L DEHP exposure, there was a significant increase in ROS concentrations, indicating that the neuronal-astrocyte cultures were injured due to exposure to DEHP. In response, astrocyte proliferation （gliosis） was initiated, serving as a mechanism to maintain a homeostatic environment for neurons and protect neurons from toxic chemicals. There is a need to assess the cumulative effects of DEHP in animals to evaluate the possible uotake and effects on the human neuronal system from exoosure to DEHP in the indoor environment.     

Mutagenic and cytotoxic potential of Endosulfan and Lambda-cyhalothrin - In vitro study describing individual and combined effects of pesticides

Excessive use of pesticides poses increased risks to non target species including humans. In the developing countries, lack of proper awareness about the toxic potential of pesticides makes the farmer more vulnerable to pesticide linked toxicities, which could lead to diverse pathological conditions. The toxic potential of a pesticide could be determined by their ability to induce genetic mutations and cytotoxicity. Hence, determination of genetic mutation and cytotoxicity of each pesticide is unavoidable to legislate health and safety appraisal about pesticides. The objective of current investigation was to determine the genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of Endosulfan（EN） and Lambda-cyhalothrin（LC）; individually and in combination. 3-（4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide（MTT） assay was utilized to determine cytotoxicity, while two mutant histidine dependent Salmonella strains（TA98, TA100） were used to determine the mutagenicity of EN and LC.Moreover, mutagenicity assay was conducted with and without S9 to evaluate the effects of metabolic activation on mutagenicity. Even though a dose dependent increase in the number of revertant colonies was detected with EN against both bacterial strains, a highly significant（p 〈 0.05） increase in the mutagenicity was detected in TA98 with S9. In comparison, data obtained from LC revealed less mutagenic potential than EN. Surprisingly,the non-mutagenic individual-concentrations of EN and LC showed dose dependent mutagenicity when combined. Combination of EN and LC synergistically induced mutagenicity both in TA98 and TA100. MTT assay spotlighted comparable dose dependent cytotoxicity effects of both pesticides. Interestingly, the combination of EN and LC produced increased reversion and cytotoxicity at lower doses as compared to each pesticide, concluding that pesticide exposure even at sub-lethal doses can produce cytotoxicity and genetic mutations, which could lead to carcinogenicity.     

Characterization of extracellular polymeric substances in the biofilms of typical bacteria by the sulfur K-edge XANES spectroscopy

A combined approach of physicochemical extraction and sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure（XANES） spectroscopy was applied to characterize the extracellular polymeric substances（EPS） of typical bacterial biofilms in this study. Physicochemical analysis showed variation of the contents of DNA,polysaccharide and protein in different fractions of EPS in different mediums. The sulfur K-edge XANES analysis yielded a variety of spectra.Spectral fitting of the XANES spectra utilizing a large set of model compounds showed that there was more reduced sulfur in both LB-EPS（loosely bound EPS） and TB-EPS（tightly bound EPS） of all the biofilms in LB medium than in R2 A medium. More oxidized sulfur was identified in LB-EPS than that in TB-EPS,suggesting different niches and physiological heterogeneity in the biofilms. Our results suggested that the sulfur K-edge XANES can be a useful tool to analyze the sulfur speciation in EPS of biofilms.     

未来10大高风险高回报的新技术

世界经济论坛全球事务理事会发布了一份关于信息技术的新报告,其中提到了10项有可能对全社会造成重大影响的新技术。这10项新技术涵盖了科学、医学、能源、制造、交通和电子等众多领域,理事会的报告简要说明了那些新技术将如何影响和改变我们的生活。     

中国首艘超声除藻船在常州下水

由多家企业、科研单位联合研制的我国第一艘具有完全自主知识产权的超声除藻船舶“大友之星01号”日前在常州正式下水启用,将为规模化治理蓝藻提供新的途径。这种超声除藻船舶采用了低功率（0．5～50．0w）“超声空化除藻”这一具有自主知识产权的新技术,可在30～600s内,以低功率超声辐射破坏藻细胞内的气泡,使藻细胞生物活性消失,降低水体中藻细胞的浓度,同时不会导致藻细胞粉碎性破坏而释放毒素。     

玉兰油细胞的发育及其与器官结构发育的关系

利用石蜡切片法及半薄切片法对玉兰茎、叶、花和种子中油细胞的发育进行了研究,结果表明：在所研究的各器官中油细胞以相同的方式发生。油细胞原始细胞因其细胞质染色较深、细胞核大明显及液泡化程度低而易与周围组织细胞分辨,以后,原始细胞逐渐液泡化,最终形成一个中央大液泡,其细胞质及细胞核呈一薄层,当油细胞成熟时,其细胞质和细胞核解体,而大液泡充满整个油细胞腔,成为储油的囊,在一些油细胞中,可观察到怀形构造,但