Physiological cellular responses and adaptations of Rhodococcus erythropolis IBBPo1 to toxic organic solvents

A new Gram-positive bacterium, Rhodococcus erythropolis IBBPo1（KF059972.1） was isolated from a crude oil-contaminated soil sample by enrichment culture method. R. erythropolis IBBPo1 was able to tolerate a wide range of toxic compounds, such as antibiotics（800–1000 μg/mL）,synthetic surfactants（50–200 μg/mL）, and organic solvents（40%–100%）. R. erythropolis IBBPo1 showed good tolerance to both alkanes（cyclohexane, n-hexane, n-decane） and aromatics（toluene, styrene, ethylbenzene） with logPOW（logarithm of the partition coefficient of the solvent in octanol–water mixture） values between 2.64 and 5.98. However, alkanes were less toxic for R. erythropolis IBBPo1 cells, compared with aromatics. The high organic solvent tolerance of R. erythropolis IBBPo1 could be due to the presence in their large genome of some catabolic（alkB, alkB1, todC1, todM, xylM）, transporter（HAE1） and trehalose-6-phosphate synthase（otsA1, KF059973.1） genes. Numerous and complex physiological cellular responses and adaptations involved in organic solvent tolerance were revealed in R. erythropolis IBBPo1 cells exposed 1 and 24 hr to 1% organic solvents. R. erythropolis IBBPo1 cells adapt to 1% organic solvents by changing surface hydrophobicity, morphology and their metabolic fingerprinting.Considerable modifications in otsA1 gene sequence were also observed in cells exposed to organic solvents（except ethylbenzene）.     

Seasonal dynamics of water bloom-forming Microcystis morphospecies and the associated extracellular microcystin concentrations in large, shallow, eutrophic Dianchi Lake

The increasing occurrence of Microcystis blooms is of great concern to public health and ecosystem due to the potential hepatotoxic microcystins （MCs） produced by these colonial cyanobacteria. In order to interpret the relationships between variations of Microcyst/s morphospedes and extracellular MC concentrations, the seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton community composition, MC concentrations, and environmental parameters were monitored monthly from August, 2009 to July, 2010. The results indicated that Microcystis dominated total phytoplankton abundance from May to December （96%--99% of total biovolume）, with toxic Microcystis viridis and non-toxic Microcystis wesenbergii dominating after July （constituting 65%- 95% of the Microcystis population）, followed by M. viridis as the sole dominant species from November to January （49%--93%）. Correlation analysis revealed that water temperature and nutrient were the most important variables accounting for the occurrence ofM. wesenbergii, while the dominance ofM. viridis was related with nitrite and nitrate. The relatively low content of MCs was explained by the association with a large proportion of M. viriclis and M. wesenbergii, small colony size of Microcystis populations, and low water temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen. The extracellular MC （mean of 0.5 ± 0.2 μg/L） of water samples analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） demonstrated the low concentrations of MC in Dianchi Lake which implied the low potential risk for human health in the basin. The survey provides the first whole lake study of the occurrence and seasonal variability of Microcyst/s population and     

短时光照对微囊藻细胞比重与胞内糖含量的影响

为深入探索微囊藻细胞内糖及比重在短时间内的变化规律以及对光照强度的响应情况,开展了纯培养实验。在温度25~26℃,光照强度0、1 000、3 000、5 000和10 000 lx条件下培养5 h。结果表明,微囊藻细胞内糖含量和比重随光照时间的变化规律均呈现显著的线性特征,在暗光条件下糖含量和比重随光照时间线性减少,在其余光照强度下随时间线性增加;且两者对光照强度均呈现正响应,即光照强度越大,糖含量和微囊藻细胞比重的增加速率也越大。糖含量和比重之间相关性显著,相关系数均在0.78以上。通过对糖含量和细胞比重的变化同步性和相关性分析,验证了在短时光照条件下胞内糖对细胞比重的调节作用。     

铅锌尾矿污染区3种菊科植物体内重金属的亚细胞分布和化学形态特征

通过实地调查分析广西阳朔某铅锌尾矿污染农田自然生长的3种常见菊科植物野艾蒿、胜红蓟和野茼蒿体内的重金属含量,并采用差速离心与化学试剂提取法分析重金属在植物中的亚细胞分布及其存在的化学形态,探究菊科植物对重金属的积累、耐性特征和机制.结果表明,污染区土壤受Cd、Pb、Zn这3种重金属污染严重,其含量分别比国家土壤环境二级标准(GB 15618-1995)超标37.7、5.7和8.9倍,植物体内Cd、Pb和Zn含量都超过正常范围.野茼蒿和胜红蓟对Cd具有较强的迁移能力和富集能力,适用于Cd污染土壤的生态修复.此外,野茼蒿的茎和叶中Cd的含量分别为159.6 mg·kg~(-1)和219.5mg·kg~(-1),超过Cd超富集植物的临界标准,可见野茼蒿完全具有Cd超富集植物的基本特征,是Cd超富集植物.3种菊科植物地下部和地上部的Cd、Pb和Zn主要分布在液泡可溶组分和细胞壁中,而在细胞器中的分布较少.植株中大部分的重金属以迁移性较低的氯化钠提取态、醋酸提取态和盐酸提取态存在.因此,液泡区隔化、细胞壁固持和重金属以低活性的化学形态为主可能是3种菊科植物应对重金属胁迫的重要耐性机制.与野艾蒿相比,胜红蓟和野茼蒿茎叶中的Cd更多地贮存在液泡中,且地上部"活性态"Cd的积累比例低于根系,这些很可能是胜红蓟和野茼蒿忍耐和富集镉的重要途径.     

Oxidative stress and apoptosis of Carassius auratus lymphocytes induced by nonplanar （PCB153） and coplanar （PCB169） polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in vitro

Among all the 209 kinds of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners, nonplanar and coplanar PCB congeners have di erent levels of toxicity on mammal cells such as neuronal cells, but little is known about their toxicity on fish cells although PCB congeners usually have high bioaccumulation abilities in the detected fish bodies. This study showed that 2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-hexacholorbiphenyl (PCB153, nonplanar congener) and 3,3’,4,4’,5,5’-hexacholorbiphenyl (PCB169, coplanar congener) caused apoptosis on the isolated crucian carp (Carassius auratus) lymphocytes and the induced cytotoxicity was structure-dependent. According to the laser confocal microscope observations, apoptosis was clearly distinguished by condensation of nucleus, shrinkage and formation of apoptotic bodies. DNA fragmentation was detected by agarose gel electrophoresis. These typical morphological and biochemical characteristics indicate the occurrence of apoptosis on fish lymphocytes. According to the flow cytometry analysis, after the cells were exposed to 10 mol/L PCBs for 3 h, the apoptotic percentage induced by PCB153 was 23.41%, while that induced by PCB169 was even higher (31.03%). Furthermore, incubating PCBs with fish lymphocytes enhanced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), clearly indicating the presence of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Our data also demonstrate that the di erent cytotoxic e ects induced by coplanar and nonplanar PCBs were correlated with their structural characteristics and the coplanar congener was more cytotoxic than nonplanar congener. This study suggests that cytotoxicity mechanisms of the PCB congeners on fish lymphocytes depend on their planarity and chemical structures.     

活细胞固定化技术在焦化废水生物处理中的应用试验

焦化废水所含污染物包括酚类、多环芳香族化合物及舍氮、氧、硫的杂环化合物等,是一种典型的舍有难降解的有机化合物的工业废水。实验通过活性污泥的驯化,从中分离筛选到2株酚类有机物降解优势菌株,分别命名为TYZ-1和TYZ-2。将放大培养后的优势菌种用海藻酸钠包埋法固定,利用固定化的微生物初步研究了焦化废水有机物的降解特性。结果发现,当废水起始COD质量浓度为1200mg/L时,在pH值为7,细菌浓度约为1×10^7个／mL,处理时间为10h．原水样中的COD降解率达到62％。     

固定化细胞技术在废水处理中的应用

介绍了固定化细胞的制备方法、载体特性、反应特性,探讨了固定化细胞技术在废水处理中的应用现状及其发展方向。     

镉致仔猪睾丸支持细胞抗氧化酶活性降低及DNA损伤研究

为了研究镉对仔猪睾丸支持细胞毒性影响,以仔猪睾丸支持细胞为实验模型,采用二步酶消化法分离支持细胞进行培养,并通过油红O和免疫细胞化学方法进行鉴定,探讨了0、10、20、40、80μmo.lL-1氯化镉对支持细胞的毒性作用.结果表明,二步酶消化法能分离出纯度较高的支持细胞,10μmol·L-1以上的氯化镉对支持细胞的生长具有抑制作用,并能使支持细胞的丙二醛含量升高,超氧化物岐化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性下降,造成支持细胞DNA损伤,并随着氯化镉浓度的增大存在明显的剂量-效应关系.     

亚慢性全氟辛烷磺酸染毒对大鼠海马细胞钙稳态的影响

采用经口摄食染毒,探讨全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)对大鼠血清与脑组织中PFOS浓度及海马细胞内钙离子浓度([Ca2+]i)的影响,观察大鼠大脑皮质、海马和小脑组织病理学变化.结果表明,染毒组大鼠血清与脑组织中PFOS浓度、海马细胞内[Ca2+]i均显著高于对照组,且随着染毒剂量的升高,海马细胞内[Ca2+]i升高.大鼠血清与脑组织中PFOS浓度、脑组织中PFOS浓度与海马细胞[Ca2+]i均呈现显著的正相关关系.染毒组大鼠大脑皮质、海马和小脑组织中未见尼氏体染色变浅等病理性改变.     

轻稀土对乐果致蚕豆根尖细胞遗传毒性的影响

研究了农药乐果与轻稀土乐果混合溶液对蚕豆根尖的细胞遗传毒性,探讨了稀土修复和稀土预处理对乐果染毒根尖的细胞遗传毒性的影响.结果表明,农药乐果具有轻度的遗传毒性和明显的细胞毒性.在相同剂量乐果溶液(体积比1/2000或1/4000)和相同修复时间(24 h或48 h)下,随着稀土剂量的增加,根尖分裂指数逐步下降,而微核率和细胞核异常率呈上升趋势.30 μmol·L-1稀土分别与1/2000和1/4000乐果溶液混合染毒根尖5 h,30 μmol·L-1稀土溶液修复24 h,前者分裂指数和微核率低于后者,但二者分裂指数均低于该剂量稀土或乐果的单独作用结果.低剂量稀土(1.2 μmol·L-1、6 μmol·L-1)与乐果混合染毒在一定程度上刺激了根尖细胞的分裂,降低了微核率和核异常率,且延长修复时间可进一步提高分裂指数,降低微核率和核异常率.另外,低剂量稀土溶液(1.2 μmol·L-1、6 μmol·L-1)预处理根尖后再进行乐果染毒,与乐果染毒组比较提高了细胞分裂指数并降低了微核率.据此推测,高剂量稀土溶液(＞30 μmol·L-1)可能增加了乐果溶液对蚕豆根尖的细胞遗传毒性,而低剂量稀土溶液(＜6 μmol·L-1)可能具有促进乐果染毒后的根尖细胞修复损伤的作用.