废水除磷工艺中聚磷菌及其缺氧态下吸磷现象

废水生物降磷研究是目前水处理的热点、难点，本文着重探讨了聚磷菌在废水生物处理工艺中的关键作用及运行机理，并介绍了缺氧状态下的生物吸磷现象。     

浅析石化企业受限空间作业的安全管控

文章分析石油化工企业生产特点,从危害识别与控制、作业方案的制定、设备有效隔离、气体分析、人员安全教育、作业票证许可、安全措施落实、作业过程风险监控、作业完工验收、作业人及监护人员的安全管理资质等角度分析,对进入受限空间作业进行全过程管理,避免伤亡事故的发生,确保企业安全生产。     

利用亚硝酸盐的反硝化除磷菌及影响因素

反硝化聚磷菌(DPB)是一类能够在厌氧状态下释磷,缺氧存在硝酸盐(NO3-)或亚硝酸盐(NO2-)的情况下聚磷,并同时反硝化的聚磷菌。实验证明:传统A2/O工艺缺氧段污泥确实存在利用亚硝酸盐的反硝化聚磷菌,PO、PON和PONO各占聚磷菌的40.7%、38.5%,20.8%。最佳的进水C/N/P为16∶4∶1且COD<200mg/L;pH值为7～7.5。聚磷菌在ORP<-80mV开始吐磷,在ORP值在-150mV左右能较好地吐磷,投加亚硝盐使ORP>-80mV,开始反硝化聚磷。     

A~2/O法厌氧段反硝化除磷现象及影响因素

研究探讨反硝化除磷理论及影响因素。结果表明:COD浓度为200mg/L时除磷效果较好;投加50mg/L硝酸盐的体系反硝化除磷效果最好。     

A~2/O法厌氧段反硝化除磷现象及影响因素

研究探讨反硝化除磷理论及影响因素。结果表明:COD浓度为200mg/L时除磷效果较好;投加50mg/L硝酸盐的体系反硝化除磷效果最好。     

HRT对A/O-BF处理低碳氮比农村生活污水脱氮的影响

通过四组平行小试装置,研究空床水力停留时间(HRT)对缺氧/好氧生物滤池(Anoxic/oxic biofilter,A/O-BF)去除低碳氮比(C/N)农村生活污水中氮的影响;结合高通量测序,研究了不同HRT条件下的脱氮效能和微生物群落变化特征,优选出最佳HRT.结果表明:①缺氧段HRT为6 h的条件下,好氧段HRT为9和10 h时,A/O-BF对NH₄+-N和TN的平均去除率均分别为99%和75%,显著高于HRT为7 h(分别为93%和66%)和8 h(分别为96%和70%)时的情况.②好氧段HRT为9 h的条件下,缺氧段HRT为6 h时,A/O-BF对TN的平均去除率为78%,明显高于HRT为4 h(59%)、稍高于HRT为5 h(74%)和7 h(75%)时的情况.③好氧段HRT为9 h时,其硝化菌属Nitrosomonas和Nitrospira的总丰度占11.42%,明显高于HRT为7 h(4.61%)、8 h(7.39%)和10 h(7.64%)时的情况.④缺氧段HRT为6 h时,其主要的反硝化菌属Denitratisoma占5.83%,明显高于HRT为4 h(0.81%)、5 h(2.90%)和7 h(3.27%)时的情况.研究显示,HRT影响A/O-BF的脱氮效能和微生物群落分布特征,处理低碳氮比(1.4~3.0)农村生活污水时,A/O-BF好氧段和缺氧段的最佳HRT分别为9和6 h.      

连续流分段进水短程反硝化-厌氧氨氧化耦合工艺的反硝化脱氮特性

采用连续流分段进水短程反硝化-厌氧氨氧化（partial denitrification-anaerobic ammonium oxidation,PD-Anammox）耦合反硝化工艺处理低C/N生活污水,研究了污染物去除、典型周期COD及氮素沿程变化特征、短程反硝化-厌氧氨氧化和反硝化对TN去除贡献。结果表明:在平均进水ρ（COD）、ρ（NH₄+-N）、ρ（TN）为193.1,58.6,60.3 mg/L的条件下,系统出水平均ρ（COD）、ρ（NH₄+-N）、ρ（TN）分别为46.3,1.5,13.4 mg/L,低于GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准。采用NO₃--N预缺氧和进水点后置,可实现缺氧区NO₃--N→NO₂--N转化,同时完成厌氧氨氧化过程;缺氧区设置厌氧氨氧化悬浮填料,可提高系统TN去除率。通过缺氧区物料衡算,缺氧1区厌氧氨氧化对TN去除贡献率（ΔPD-Anammox/ΔTN）均值为54.37%,缺氧2区的ΔPD-Anammox/ΔTN均值为64.17%。     

Effects of shear force on formation and properties of anoxic granular sludge in SBR

This paper reports the effects of shear force on anoxic granular sludge in sequencing batch reactors （SBR）. The study was carried out in two SBRs （SBR1 and SBR2） in which sodium acetate （200mg COD·L^-1） was used as the sole substrate and sodium nitrate （40 mgNO3-N·L^-1） was employed as the electron acceptor. The preliminary objective of this study was to cultivate anoxic granules in the SBR in order to investigate the effects of shear force on the formation of anoxic granular sludge and to compare the properties of anoxic sludge in the SBR. This study reports new results for the values of average velocity gradient, a measure of the applied shear force, which was varied in the two SBRs （3.79 s^-1 and 9.76 s^-1 for SBR1 and SBR2 respectively）. The important findings of this research highlight the dual effects of shear force on anoxic granules. A low shear force can produce large anoxic granules with high activity and poor settling ability, whereas higher shear forces produce smaller granules with better settling ability and lower activity. The results of this study show that the anoxic granulation is closely related to the strength of the shear force. For high shear force, this research demonstrated that： 1） granules with smaller diameters, high density and good settling ability were formed in the reactor, and 2） granular sludge formed faster than it did in the low shear force reactor （41days versus 76 days）. Once a steady-state has been achieved, the nitrate and COD removal rates were found to be 98% and 80%, respectively. For low shear force, such as was applied in SBR1, this research demonstrated that： 1） the activity of anoxic granular sludge in low shear force was higher than that in high shear force, 2） higher amount of soluble microbial products （SMPs） were produced, and 3） large pores were observed inside the larger granules,which are beneficial for nitrogen gas diffusion. Electron microscopic examination of the anoxic granules in both reactors showed that the morphology of the granules was ellipsoidal with a clear outline. Coccus and rod-shaped bacteria were wrapped by filamentous bacteria on the surface of granule.     

基于模糊神经网络的A2/O工艺出水氨氮在线预测模型

采用厌氧/缺氧/好氧污水处理系统(A2/O)对人工合成污水进行处理,并利用人工神经网络(ANN)模型和自适应模糊人工神经网络(ANFIS)模型对A2/O处理污水的过程进行仿真模拟.在MATLAB环境下,选取可在线监测的水力停留时间(HRT)、进水pH值(pH)、好氧池溶解氧(DO)和混合液回流比(r)作为输入参量,系统出水氨氮浓度(NH4+eff)为输出量,建立在线预测模型.结合自适应模糊C均值聚类算法,确定ANFIS模型的模糊规则数及最优运行参数,对实验数据进行仿真预测.结果表明,与ANN模型相比,ANFIS模型的仿真输出值与实际值的拟合程度更高,相对误差在6.45%之内,平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)为2.8%,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.1209,相关系数(R)达0.9956.模型训练过程中所得到的三维曲面图,可直观的反映各因素与出水氨氮浓度之间的非线性函数关系,为A2/O系统的高效稳定运行提供指导.     

《地下有限空间作业安全技术规范第1部分通则》解读

正1标准制订背景首先,有限空间因其长期处于封闭或部分封闭状态,自然通风不良,容易造成有毒有害、易燃易爆物质积聚,存在缺氧窒息、中毒、燃爆等危害。其次,有限空间作业环境受自然因素影响较大,高温、高湿等不良气候条件会在不同程度上加剧有限空间环境的恶化,给作业人员生命健康造成极大威胁。