污灌与镉胁迫对菠菜几种抗氧化酶活性的影响（Effects of Sewage Irrigation and Cadmium Stresses on the Activities of Several Antioxidant Enzymes of Spinach）

为了探讨污水灌溉与镉胁迫对菠菜抗氧化酶活性的影响,采用盆栽试验的方法,分别用清水和生活污水配制不同浓度(0、1、5、10、50mg·L-1)的Cd2+溶液,对菠菜进行受试处理,每5d灌喷1次,共处理5次.分别采用邻苯二酚比色法、L-苯丙氨酸比色法、水杨酸比色法和高锰酸钾滴定法,对菠菜叶片多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、β-1,3葡聚糖酶(β-1,3glucanase)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性进行了测定.结果表明:1)清水处理系列:随着镉处理浓度的增大,与清水对照相比,PPO、PAL活性呈先升高后降低的趋势,CAT活性略有升高,β-1,3葡聚糖酶活性略有降低,各暴露组与清水对照组相比,均呈现显著差异(p<0.05).2)污水处理系列:随着镉处理浓度的增大,与污水对照相比,PPO、PAL活性呈先升高后降低的趋势,CAT和β-1,3葡聚糖酶活性呈逐渐降低趋势;各暴露组与污水对照相比,均呈现显著差异(p<0.05).3)相同Cd2+浓度下,与清水处理相比,各浓度污水处理PAL和PPO活性均明显降低(p<0.05);而β-1,3葡聚糖酶明显升高(p<0.05).以上结果显示:单一镉污染和生活污水与镉复合污染对菠菜不同抗氧化系统酶具有不同影响,这可能与污水中各成分与镉的相互作用有关.     

个体防护装备鞋外底耐折性的测量不确定度评定解析

提出个体防护装备鞋外底耐折性的测量不确定度评定的通用方法,测量了鞋外底耐折性能,对会影响不确定度的主要因素进行分析,建立了测量结果重复性的模型,通过实验确定了2类不确定度的来源.利用校准报告、日常实验测量以及重复性实验获得的结果,计算出实验结果的扩展不确定度,为相关检测实验室在测量结果不确定度评定方面提供一定参考.     

“镉米”提醒防污染

《中华工商时报》报道,镉超标大米风波持续发酵,不仅导致湖南等地大米销路遇阻,更让公众对农田污染给百姓餐桌带来的威胁有了新的担忧。有调查显示,我国受重金属污染的耕地面积已达2000万公顷,占全国耕地面积的1/6。真是一石激起千重浪,广州市食品药品监管局因为工作认真了点儿,抽验起餐饮食品的安全质量时,发现44.4%的大米及米制品抽     

Does copper reduce cadmium uptake by different rice genotypes？

A hydroponics experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of copper （Cu） on cadmium （Cd）, calcium （Ca）, iron （Fe）, and zinc （Zn） uptake by several rice genotypes. The experiment was carried out as a 2×2×4 factorial with four rice genotypes and two levels of Cu and Cd in nutrient solution. Plants were grown in a growth chamber with controlled environment. The results showed a significant difference between the biomass of different rice genotypes （P 〈 0.001）. The Cd and Cu concentration in the solution had no significant effect on the biomass. The addition of Cu significantly decreased Cd uptake by shoots and roots of rice （P 〈 0.001）. The Cd concentration did not significantly influence Ca uptake by plants, whereas the Cu concentration did （P = 0.034）. There was a significant influence of Cd on Fe uptake by shoots and roots （P 〈 0.001, P = 0.003, respectively）. Zn uptake decreased significantly as the addition of Cd and Cu increased in shoots. We concluded that Cu had significant influence on Cd uptake. The possible mechanisms were discussed.     

Single and joint effects of petroleum hydrocarbons and cadmium on the polychaete Perinereis aibuhitensis Grube

Using the concentration gradient and combined pollutant exposure method, the single and joint effects of petroleum hydrocarbons （PHCs） and cadmium （Cd） on polychaete Perinereis aibuhitensis Grube, an ecologically keystone species in estuarine and coastal environment, have been investigated. The results indicate that the toxicity of PHCs to P. aibuhitensis is stronger than that of Cd to the organism. There are positive correlations between the mortality of worms and the exposed concentration of single Cd or PHCs in solution. Similarly, the accumulation of Cd or PHCs in worms increased with increasing Cd- or PHC-exposed concentrations. All the correlation relationships can be described using unitary quadratic equations （Y or Z = aX^2 ＋ bX ＋ c）. It is calculated, on the basis of these expressions, that the median lethal dose （LC50） ofP aibuhitensis exposed to a single Cd or PHCs is 793.4-13567.3 and 28.0-119.9 μg/L, respectively. The exposed time has some stimulative effect on the two pollutants and on the mortality of the worms. Thus, even a low concentration of a single Cd or PHCs may have strong toxic effects on the worms when the exposed time becomes longer. The accumulation of Cd or PHCs in worms differs with an increase in exposure time at the given exposed concentration of a single Cd or PHCs. Noticeably, the accumulation of PHCs in worms decreases with an increase in exposure time at the given high concentration of PHCs in solution. The joint effect of PHCs and Cd on P. aibuhitensis is very complicated and changes with the exposed concentrations of the two pollutants. At the given concentration of PHCs, the joint toxicity of the two pollutants on the worms changes from synergism to antagonism with an increase in Cd concentration. The accumulation of Cd in the worms significantly decreases with the addition of PHCs to exposure solution.     

甘蓝和油菜对镉污染土壤的修复研究

通过土培盆栽试验研究了甘蓝和油菜对土壤中重金属镉的吸收及生物净化作用。以及添加螯合剂对油菜富集镉的影响。实验结果表明：甘蓝对于高浓度镉污染土壤的修复作用并不明显,油菜对于镉污染土壤的净化作用较显著,但添加螯合剂对于提高修复水平效果并不显著。因此油菜较适宜作为镉污染土壤的修复植物,但添加螯合剂对植物修复的作用要视情况而定,不可盲目添加。     

土壤对铜和镉的静态吸附研究

通过静态吸附实验研究了德兴矿区大坞河下游下沽口土壤对铜和镉的吸附特点并采用Freundlich等温吸附方程进行拟合,探讨了pH值变化对铜和镉在土壤样品中分配系数的影响。结果表明：土壤铜和镉的吸附特性均符合Freundlich等温吸附方程,得到的金属铜和镉的Kf值分别为354．08、34．132;随着pH值的升高,铜和镉在土壤中的分配系数逐步增大,随后降低,pH值与分配系数关系曲线为单峰曲线。     

橡胶草(TKS)对铅镉污染农田土壤的修复潜力

橡胶草（TKS）是一种可作为天然橡胶原料的能源植物.为研究橡胶草对铅（Pb）和镉（Cd）污染农田土壤的修复潜力,通过人工控制性盆栽试验,以相关标准的风险筛选值和管制值为区间,施以4种浓度Pb和Cd复合胁迫处理,探讨橡胶草对Pb和Cd的富集及耐性特征.结果表明,随着土壤中Pb和Cd含量增加,橡胶草的叶绿素含量和生物量均逐渐降低,SOD、POD和CAT酶活性逐渐升高.Cd富集系数和转运系数在1.20~1.50之间,具有部分Cd超富集植物特征.Pb富集系数和转运系数在0.71~1.11之间,是较好的Pb富集植物,具有修复ω（Pb）为400 mg·kg^-1以下的土壤的潜力.Pb和Cd积累量逐渐增加,地上部最大Cd积累量为9.832 μg·plant^-1,最大Pb积累量为1091.185 μg·plant^-1.但在更低浓度的Pb和Cd复合污染土壤中,去除率更大,修复效率更快.使用橡胶草修复Pb和Cd污染农田土壤具有较好的应用前景和经济价值.     

稻田土壤砷、镉复合污染阻控技术研究进展

砷（As）和镉（Cd）是稻田土壤中最常见的有毒有害重金属元素,且易从土壤迁移到水稻籽粒中.目前,我国稻田土壤中As和Cd及其复合污染现象普遍,对粮食安全和人体健康均构成了严重威胁.As和Cd在土壤中的环境行为相反,对As-Cd复合污染的同步治理是当前水稻安全生产的关键技术难点.通过综述近年来同步阻控水稻对As和Cd吸收以及转运的若干实用技术,包括水分管理、钝化技术、淋洗技术、电动修复技术、植物修复技术、低累积水稻品种的选取以及叶面阻控技术,归纳并分析了各种技术的处理效果、作用机制和制约因素,提出了主要阻控技术的发展方向,指出构建区域高适配性综合技术模式的重要性,以期为稻田As-Cd复合污染治理和水稻安全生产提供参考.     

聚己内酯与聚羟基丁酸戊酸酯的脱氮性能对比

以可生物降解聚合物聚己内酯(PCL)和聚羟基丁酸戊酸酯(PHBV)作为反硝化缓释碳源和微生物载体,利用清水释碳和批式反硝化试验选出适用于再生水反硝化深度脱氮生物滤池的可生物降解碳源滤料,通过比较与分析碳源滤料的表面形态及物质特性和附着微生物的群落特征揭示其性能优越的原因.结果表明,PHBV反硝化启动时间短,反硝化速率高,剩余有机物浓度低,相比PCL具有更稳定持续的反硝化效果.原因是其表面粗糙,且含有大量C—O和CO等亲水性基团,易于微生物附着和降解利用;其表面附着的微生物种类多样,其中发硫菌属(Thiothrix)、假单胞属(Pseudomonas)、菌胶团属(Zoogloea)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)和脱氯菌属(Dechloromonas)等优势菌属均具有异养反硝化功能.因此,PHBV更适合作为再生水反硝化深度脱氮生物滤池的碳源滤料.