环境保护大事记（2010年）（10月1日～10月31日）

10月8日～11日,第二届中美环保产业论坛在美国新奥尔良举办。环境保护部副部长吴晓青和美国环保局助理局长、美国商务部副助理局长分别致辞。此次论坛由环境保护部和美国商务部、美国环保局、美国贸易发展署共同主办,由美国驻华大使馆商务处、中国环境保护产业协会、美国斯克兰顿吉勒特通讯传播公司、美国博瑞希国际发展公司联合承办。会上,两国环保企业代表就生活污水深度处理及资源化、污泥处理处置、工业废水处理、水质监测仪器和设备等多个领域进行了深入的技术交流和合作洽谈。     

"四重管理"激发活力——河南油田采油二厂稠油联合站创新管理纪略

河南油田采油二厂稠油联合站是一座集原油脱水、净化油外输、污水处理、工业三废处理等功能于一体的现代化大型联合站,确保安全优质高效运行是该站工作的重中之重。为此,该站树立“老老实实抓小事,认认真真抓细节,扑下身子抓执行”的理念,着重推行“四重管理”,即：管理重细、安全重防、成本重算、环境重美,营造出一个安全生产严细认真．设备管理优质高效,系统管理安全平稳,动态管理标准规范,生产管理井然有序的良好氛围。     

充分利用余热实现热联合研究

大港石化分公司通过工艺质量改进,实现了催化装置与气体分馏装置的热联合,使以前排放掉的大量余热得到充分利用,每年可产生客观的经济效益。     

烟气脱硫脱硝一体化技术研究概况

按机理的不同．将烟气脱硫脱硝一体化技术分为两类．即联合脱硫脱硝技术和同时脱硫脱硝技术,综述了目前国内外开发的各种一体化工艺,详细阐述了各自的脱除机理、工艺流程和主要优缺点．并简单介绍了一部分工艺的脱汞性能。最后指出,从设备投资、经济性等因素考虑,同时脱硫脱硝一体化技术将具有广阔的应用前景。     

Co-transport of dissolved organic matter and heavy metals in soils induced by excessive phosphorus applications

To evaluate the e ects of long-term applications of phosphorus fertilizers on mobility of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and heavy metals in agricultural soils, a sandy soil and a loamy soil were spiked with ammonium phosphate at application rates of 0, 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 mg P per kilogram of soil. A series of 15-cm long soil columns were constructed by packing incubated soils of varying concentrations of P. The soil columns were consecutively leached by simulated rainfalls for six cycles. The contents of water extractable organic carbon in both sandy and loamy soils increased significantly with increasing rates of P applications. Relatively high rates of P applications could induce a marked increase in DOM concentrations in the leachates, the e ects were larger with the sandy soil rather than with the loamy soil. Applications of P changed the partitioning of trace metals in the soil solids and the soil solutions. The increased P application rates also seemed to elevate the leaching of Cu, Cd, and Zn from soils. The concentrations of Cu, Cd, and Zn in the leachates were positively correlated with DOM, probably due to the formation of metal-DOM complexes. In contrast, Pb concentrations in the leachates were negatively correlated with DOM, and decreased with increasing rates of P applications. The boosted leaching of DOM induced by high rates of P applications was probably due to the added phosphate ions competing for adsorption sites in the soil solids with the indigenous DOM.     

An autotrophic nitrogen removal process：Short-cut nitrification combined with ANAMMOX for treating diluted effluent from an UASB reactor fed by landfill leachate

A combined process consisting of a short-cut nitrification (SN) reactor and an anaerobic ammonium oxidation upflow anaerobic sludge bed (ANAMMOX) reactor was developed to treat the diluted effluent from an upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor treating high ammonium municipal landfill leachate.The SN process was performed in an aerated upflow sludge bed (AUSB) reactor (working volume 3.05 L),treating about 50% of the diluted raw wastewater.The ammonium removal efficiency and the ratio of NO 2 N to NOx-N in the effluent were both higher than 80%,at a maximum nitrogen loading rate of 1.47 kg/(m 3 ·day).The ANAMMOX process was performed in an UASB reactor (working volume 8.5 L),using the mix of SN reactor effluent and diluted raw wastewater at a ratio of 1:1.The ammonium and nitrite removal efficiency reached over 93% and 95%,respectively,after 70-day continuous operation,at a maximum total nitrogen loading rate of 0.91 kg/(m 3 ·day),suggesting a successful operation of the combined process.The average nitrogen loading rate of the combined system was 0.56 kg/(m 3 ·day),with an average total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency 87%.The nitrogen in the effluent was mostly nitrate.The results provided important evidence for the possibility of applying SN-ANAMMOX after UASB reactor to treat municipal landfill leachate.     

有关污染的测验

<正>1、1984年,某一农药厂意外泄漏了45吨致命的异氰酸甲酯气体,请问该农药厂位于印度的哪一城市?印多尔博帕尔马诺哈普尔泰瓦答案:博帕尔。1984年11月3日,博帕尔的一家联合碳化物公司意外泄露了数十吨甲酯气体,这一事件导致居住在附近的居民千余人死亡,同时还造成了上万人逃离博帕尔     

BPA与3种双酚类化合物的联合作用雌激素效应

环境内分泌干扰物的联合作用已经是目前研究的重点.采用重组基因酵母检测法,分别测定了双酚A (BPA)、双酚AF(BPAF)、双酚AP(BPAP)、双酚F(BPF)4种双酚化合物的雌激素活性,并依据其测定结果,按照等效浓度比,设计了浓度比分别为EC₁₀和EC₅₀的6种二元混合物并测定了其雌激素活性.结果表明,这4种化合物的剂量-效应关系都可以用Weibull函数有效描述,BPA、BPAF、BPAP、BPF的EC₅₀值分别为：6.81×10^-6、7.44×10^-7、1.43×10^-5、7.52×10^-6 mol·L^-1,其雌激素活性大小顺序为：BPAF>BPA>BPF>BPAP.依据不同的联合作用判断方法对这4种化合物的联合效应进行判断,结果表明,相同化合物的不同混合比例可能对联合作用方式产生影响,采用DA和IA预测模型可以更加直观、方便地判断联合作用的类型,而且可以反映出不同混合比例对联合作用的影响.     

3,4-二氯苯胺与取代芳烃联合毒性的定量构效关系研究

采用细菌生长抑制实验测定了取代芳烃及其混合物对长江水中混合细菌的急性毒性,得到17种单一化合物的半数抑制浓度(IC50)及22组混合物的半数抑制浓度(IC50mix).采用毒性单位法和混合毒性指数法对联合毒性效应进行了定性评价,3,4-二氯苯胺与胺类化合物的联合效应以简单相加或部分相加作用为主,而3,4-二氯苯胺与酚类化合物的联合效应则多表现为协同作用.以化合物的辛醇/水分配系数(lgP)和分子最低空轨道能(ELUMO)为结构描述符,分别建立了单一毒性和联合毒性的定量构效关系(QSAR)模型.所得模型对极性麻醉型化合物和反应性化合物的毒性都具有较强的预测能力,不仅能预测3,4-二氯苯胺与取代芳烃不同配比的二元混合物的联合毒性,也能预测三元和四元混合物的联合毒性.     

铁元素在铁炭微电解-Fenton试剂深度处理印染废水中的形态及含量变化试验研究

通过试验采用铁炭微电解-Fenton试剂联合氧化技术对印染废水进行深度处理,考察了进水pH值、H2O2投加量、水力停留时间、反应器连续运行时间等因素对出水水质及出水中铁元素形态及其含量的影响,试验结果表明：当进水pH值为2、H2O2加入量为3.2 mL/L、水力停留时间为90 min、出水中[Fe3＋]较低时,出水水质最好,COD去除率达90%以上,且反应器运行最稳定;反应器连续运行20 d以上时,出水水质有所下降,填料堵塞严重。