高要求模式SIS异型冗余结构PFH计算模型*

为了满足石油化工生产中对高要求操作模式下采用异型设备的安全联锁回路进行SIL定级的需求,避免因误用同型PFH公式导致SIL等级评估误差。考虑各通道差异性及其失效顺序的遍历性,以MonteCarlo仿真值为多元线性回归模型观察样本,以改进共因失效部分多样性修正因子确定方法,提出异型KooN冗余结构每小时危险失效平均频率(PFH)的计算公式;比较该模型独立失效部分与异型1oo2结构Markov模型PFH结果,并分别将该模型和传统同型PFH公式应用于海上采油平台高完整性压力保护系统(HIPPS)异型关断阀子系统的比较分析。研究结果表明:在不同检测周期内,所提出的PFH计算模型与Markov模型PFH计算结果相对误差均保持在10-3数量级;但当检测周期大于3 a时,使用同型PFH公式会出现对HIPPS子系统SIL等级的误判,造成井口压力联锁保护功能过保护或欠保护。研究结果有助于生产单位准确评估联锁保护风险和设备维护投入。     

中国热带气旋灾害及全球变暖背景下的可能趋势分析

在分析中国热带气旋灾害影响及时空分布的基础上，计算得出近４０年西北太平洋年平均热带气旋发生总数和其中台风发生数与海表温度，以及与年平均登陆中国热带气旋总数和其中台风登陆数长趋势变化之间的相互关系，并据此估算了全球变暖后中国热带气旋灾害的可能变化趋势。结果表明，若至２０５０年前后全球变暖引起西北太平洋海表温度升高１℃，则在中国登陆热带气旋总数年平均将比现状增加６５％，其中年平均登陆台风数将可能增加５８％左右。     

“活性生物滤塔过滤——射流曝气活性污泥法”处理有机废水工艺改进

韶关市环境科学研究所与韶关啤酒厂技术部共同协作，对韶关啤酒厂原采用《活性生物滤塔过滤—射流曝气活性污泥法》处理啤酒生产有机废水的工艺进行了一些改进，改进后１年来的试运行表明，废水处理效果良好，针对如何在调试过程中发现问题、改进工艺的做法和体会作简要的介绍     

半胱氨酸合铁(Ⅱ)溶液同时脱除烟中SO_2和NO_x和研究

研究用半胱氨酸合铁（Ⅱ）溶液同时脱除烟气中ＳＯ＿２和ＮＯ＿ｘ，研究了［ＳＯ＿３￣（２－）〕对ＮＯ＿ｘ脱除率的影响、半胱氨酸的再生。实验表明：烟气中ＳＯ＿２可以全部脱除；随［ＳＯ＿３￣（２－＿）］的增加能增大半胱氨酸合铁（Ⅱ）溶液对ＮＯ的吸收，但有一定限度；氧化产物胱氨酸可用Ｈ＿２Ｓ／ＳＯ＿２／ＯＨ－（Ｎａ＿２Ｓ／Ｎａ＿２ＳＯ＿３）体系还原为半阶氨酸。使此过程循环，无二次污染。     

石墨炉原子吸收法测海水中Cu,Pb,Cd方法的改进

用聚乙烯塑料瓶萃取，石墨炉原子吸收法测海水中Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ。简化操作，提高样品检测结果的精密度与准确度。     

Influence of stabilizers on the antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles introduced into natural water

Physical, chemical and biochemical properties of silver nanoparticles(AgNPs) depend to a great extent on their size, shape, size distribution, and stabilizers located on their surface. This study focused on two typical stabilizers, namely citrates(cit), low molecular ions protecting nanoparticles by electrostatic repulsion, and polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP), a hydrophilic, neutral, high molecular polymer protecting nanoparticles by steric stabilization. Natural bacterioplankton was collected from a eutrophic, downtown lake and exposed to five concentrations(0.1–5 mg/L) of AgNPs-PVP and AgNPs-cit. Responses were monitored after 1, 3, 5 and 7 days of exposure, by evaluating the survival rate of bacteria, their respiratory activity, and the general activity of extracellular esterases. A significantly better(greater) survival rate of bacterioplankton was observed in water with an addition of AgNPs-cit. The inhibition of extracellular esterases was observed only in samples containing AgNPs-PVP. The inhibitory effect increased proportionally to the concentration of AgNPs-PVP applied. Within the studied concentration range, there was no statistically significant inhibition of bacterioplankton respiratory activity by AgNPs-PVP and AgNPs-cit.     

Hygroscopicity and optical properties of alkylaminium sulfates

The hygroscopicity and optical properties of alkylaminium sulfates （AASs） were investigated using a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer coupled to a cavity ring-down spectrometer and a nephelometer. AAS particles do not exhibit a deliquescence phenomenon and show a monotonic increase in diameter as the relative humidity （RH） ascends. Hygroscopic growth factors （GFs） for 40, 100 and 150 nm alkylaminium sulfate particles do not show an apparent Kelvin effect when RH is less than 45%, whereas GFs of the salt aerosols increase with initial particle size when RH is higher than 45%. Calculation using the Zdanovskii-Stokes-Robinson mixing rule suggests that hygroscopic growth of triethylaminium sulfate-ammonium sulfate mixtures is non-deliquescent, occurring at very low RH, implying that the displacement of ammonia by amine will significantly enhance the hygroscopicity of （NH4）2SO4 aerosols. In addition, light extinction of AAS particles is a combined effect of both scattering and absorption under dry conditions, but is dominated by scattering under wet conditions.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定电镀废水中的8种重金属

本文建立了电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定处理前后电镀废水中8种重金属元素(Pb,Cd,Cr,As,Hg,Cu,Zn,Ni)的分析方法,在试验中,优化了仪器测定条件,方法的检出限在0.006~0.06μg/L,加标回收率在84.2%~109%之间,方法精密度RSD在0.9%~4.8%(n=6)之间。并采用该方法对两种常见的电镀废水处理前后8种重金属元素进行了测定。     

1965—2013年渭河流域降水时空变化分析

利用1965—2013年渭河流域及其周边22个气象站点的降水数据,采用线性回归、经验正交函数(EOF)分解和Mann-Kendall突变性检验等方法,分析了渭河流域近50 a降水的时空分布特征。结果表明:1)从时间变化来看,在0.05显著性水平上,除春季降水呈现明显减小趋势外(-6.23 mm/10 a),其他季节和全年降水量的变化均不明显。同时,突变分析表明春季降水存在明显的突变,1991年为其突变点,其他季节和年降水均不存在显著的突变。2)渭河流域降水空间分布不均,总体呈现由东南向西北减小的趋势,从变化趋势空间分布来看,上游的减少趋势大于中游地区。3)EOF分解结果表明,渭河流域全年和四季降水的空间分布存在总体一致型和东南—西北区域反位相型的分布类型。