抓安全切莫“讳疾忌医”

《韩非子一喻老》中有一则寓言：神医扁鹊见蔡桓公说：“您的皮肤纹理有点小病,不及时治疗恐怕要加重。”只见蔡恒公不屑一顾地说：“医生就喜欢给没病的人治病,以此夸耀自己的本事”。后来,扁鹊衷告道：“你的病已到肌肉里”。蔡桓公不以为然。十日后,扁鹊又衷告：“你的病进入肠胃。”     

金针菇不煮熟会中毒

许多人涮火锅时喜欢下金针菇，但金针菇一定要煮熟再吃，否则容易引起中毒。因为新鲜的金针菇中含有秋水仙碱，人食用后，容易因氧化而产生有毒的二秋水仙碱，它对胃肠黏膜和呼吸道黏膜有强烈的刺激作用，一般在食用30min-4h内。会出现咽干、恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻等症状。     

几种化合物对温石棉诱导人胚肺细胞蛋白激酶C活性的影响

为了探讨几种化合物对温石棉诱导人胚肺(HEL)细胞蛋白激酶C(PKC)活性的影响,该研究用不同浓度的柠檬酸铝、混合稀土或亚硒酸钠溶液浸泡温石棉1小时后,再将其与HEL细胞共同孵育24小时,测定了HEL细胞胞浆和胞膜中PKC的活性。其结果显示:随着石棉剂量的增加,HEL细胞胞浆和胞膜中的PKC活性逐渐升高,均呈明显的剂量依赖性;经3种化合物预处理的石棉,其所诱导的HEL细胞胞浆和胞膜中的PKC活性均明显低于未处理温石棉组。笔者提示:温石棉可能通过改变细胞内PKC的活性进一步促进肿瘤的发生;用3种化合物预处理温石棉,均可抑制温石棉对HEL细胞PKC活性的诱导作用。     

轮叶黑藻和穗花狐尾藻对铜的吸收机制研究

应用室内模拟试验,通过对铜(Cu)的短期吸收动力学、各亚细胞组分吸收动力学以及Cu的释放研究,探讨了两种沉水植物轮叶黑藻[Hydrilla verticillata(L.f.)Royle]和穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum L.)对Cu的吸收机制.结果表明:①轮叶黑藻和穗花狐尾藻均对Cu具有较高的吸收速率,且两种植物最高吸收速率差异不显著[Vmax(DW)为2μmol·(g·min)-1,P>0.05];②在2μmol·L-1Cu溶液中暴露不同时间(0~96 h),两种沉水植物叶片和茎中各亚细胞组分的Cu含量均迅速增加并约在12 h后达到平衡.各时间处理下,两种植物叶片富集的Cu含量均显著高于茎(P<0.05),并且叶片中的Cu均主要分布在细胞壁(>60%),其次是可溶部分和细胞器;③两种植物相比,黑藻叶片细胞壁中富集的Cu含量显著高于狐尾藻,而细胞内富集的Cu含量差异不显著.轮叶黑藻对Cu的富集和释放能力均高于穗花狐尾藻.     

锌对镉在河南华溪蟹鳃组织亚细胞中富集的影响

为了研究锌对镉在河南华溪蟹(Sinopotamon henanense)鳃中富集的影响,本文选择不同浓度镉锌联合处理14 d和28 d后,采用亚细胞分离法将鳃组织分为热稳定蛋白(HSP)、富含金属颗粒(MRG)、生物活性部分(BAM)和细胞碎片部分(CD),其中,热稳定蛋白(HSP)和富含金属颗粒(MRG)组成生物解毒部分(BDM),利用火焰原子吸收分光光度法(AAS)测定各个亚细胞组分中镉的含量.结果显示,BDM是镉富集的重要场所,镉在其中所占比例达到50%.其中,BDM包括热稳定蛋白(HSP)和富含金属颗粒组分(MRG).随着镉处理浓度的增加,锌对镉在HSP和MRG中的蓄积表现为先促后抑的作用.在BAM中,加锌促进镉的蓄积,且相较于高浓度锌(1000μg·L-1),低浓度锌(100μg·L-1)的促进作用更为显著.研究表明,锌对镉在河南华溪蟹鳃中的富集及分布有一定影响.     

活性氧和钙离子参与镉诱导的酵母细胞死亡过程调节

以酵母为实验材料,研究了镉(以CdCl2形式添加)对细胞的毒性作用机制.结果显示,浓度为0.25~5 mmol·L-1的镉可降低酵母细胞活性,诱导细胞死亡;随着镉浓度的提高和处理时间的延长,细胞死亡率增高.凋亡抑制剂Z-Asp-CH2-DCB与镉共同作用后,细胞死亡率明显低于镉单独处理组.经镉处理后,酵母细胞内的活性氧(ROS)水平显著升高;外源抗氧化剂抗坏血酸和过氧化氢酶能降低镉引发的细胞死亡,特异性Ca2+螯合剂EGTA或Ca2+通道特异性抑制剂LaCl3亦可明显降低镉诱发的细胞死亡率.研究表明,镉诱发的酵母细胞死亡过程存在依赖于caspase途径的细胞凋亡途径;镉诱发的死亡与镉处理组胞内ROS和Ca2+水平升高有关,ROS可能通过增加胞内Ca2+水平,继而激活相关下游信号导致细胞死亡.     

Immunotoxic effects of an industrial waste incineration site on groundwater in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The discharge of organic waste from the petrochemical industry into the Mercier lagoons caused major groundwater contamination. The objective of this study was to determine the immunotoxic potential of three groundwater wells at increasing distance from the incinerator dumping site （1.17, 2.74 and 5.40 km）. Rainbow Trout were exposed to increasing concentrations of water from three groundwater wells for 14 days. Immunocompetence was characterized by phagocytosis, mitogen-stimulated proliferation of lymphocytes, cell cycle analysis and apoptosis. A significant increase in innate （phagocytosis） and specific immune response （B lymphocyte proliferation） was observed in trout exposed to water collected from the well at 2.74 km. However, phagocytosis activity was suppressed in groups at 1.17 and 5.40 km. The proportion of lymphocytes in S phase was significantly increased in groups at 2.74 and 5.40 kin, while lymphocytes in G0/G1 phase were decreased in all three exposure groups. Additionally, dexamethasone （DEX）-induced apoptosis of lymphocytes was significantly reduced in the group at 2.74 km, which suggests decreased lymphocyte turnover. Furthermore, the ratio of DEX- induced apoptosis/apoptosis was lower in the groups at 2.74 and 5.40 km. In summary, our experiments have shown that exposure to the mixture of organic compounds present in Mercier groundwater modulates phagocytosis and cell proliferation, disrupts the cell cycle and reduces the ratio of DEX- induced apoptosis/apoptosis. It is concluded that groundwater collected in the vicinity of an incinerator containment field could impact immunocompetence in fish.     

Physiological cellular responses and adaptations of Rhodococcus erythropolis IBBPo1 to toxic organic solvents

A new Gram-positive bacterium, Rhodococcus erythropolis IBBPo1（KF059972.1） was isolated from a crude oil-contaminated soil sample by enrichment culture method. R. erythropolis IBBPo1 was able to tolerate a wide range of toxic compounds, such as antibiotics（800–1000 μg/mL）,synthetic surfactants（50–200 μg/mL）, and organic solvents（40%–100%）. R. erythropolis IBBPo1 showed good tolerance to both alkanes（cyclohexane, n-hexane, n-decane） and aromatics（toluene, styrene, ethylbenzene） with logPOW（logarithm of the partition coefficient of the solvent in octanol–water mixture） values between 2.64 and 5.98. However, alkanes were less toxic for R. erythropolis IBBPo1 cells, compared with aromatics. The high organic solvent tolerance of R. erythropolis IBBPo1 could be due to the presence in their large genome of some catabolic（alkB, alkB1, todC1, todM, xylM）, transporter（HAE1） and trehalose-6-phosphate synthase（otsA1, KF059973.1） genes. Numerous and complex physiological cellular responses and adaptations involved in organic solvent tolerance were revealed in R. erythropolis IBBPo1 cells exposed 1 and 24 hr to 1% organic solvents. R. erythropolis IBBPo1 cells adapt to 1% organic solvents by changing surface hydrophobicity, morphology and their metabolic fingerprinting.Considerable modifications in otsA1 gene sequence were also observed in cells exposed to organic solvents（except ethylbenzene）.     

Seasonal dynamics of water bloom-forming Microcystis morphospecies and the associated extracellular microcystin concentrations in large, shallow, eutrophic Dianchi Lake

The increasing occurrence of Microcystis blooms is of great concern to public health and ecosystem due to the potential hepatotoxic microcystins （MCs） produced by these colonial cyanobacteria. In order to interpret the relationships between variations of Microcyst/s morphospedes and extracellular MC concentrations, the seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton community composition, MC concentrations, and environmental parameters were monitored monthly from August, 2009 to July, 2010. The results indicated that Microcystis dominated total phytoplankton abundance from May to December （96%--99% of total biovolume）, with toxic Microcystis viridis and non-toxic Microcystis wesenbergii dominating after July （constituting 65%- 95% of the Microcystis population）, followed by M. viridis as the sole dominant species from November to January （49%--93%）. Correlation analysis revealed that water temperature and nutrient were the most important variables accounting for the occurrence ofM. wesenbergii, while the dominance ofM. viridis was related with nitrite and nitrate. The relatively low content of MCs was explained by the association with a large proportion of M. viriclis and M. wesenbergii, small colony size of Microcystis populations, and low water temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen. The extracellular MC （mean of 0.5 ± 0.2 μg/L） of water samples analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） demonstrated the low concentrations of MC in Dianchi Lake which implied the low potential risk for human health in the basin. The survey provides the first whole lake study of the occurrence and seasonal variability of Microcyst/s population and     

短时光照对微囊藻细胞比重与胞内糖含量的影响

为深入探索微囊藻细胞内糖及比重在短时间内的变化规律以及对光照强度的响应情况,开展了纯培养实验。在温度25~26℃,光照强度0、1 000、3 000、5 000和10 000 lx条件下培养5 h。结果表明,微囊藻细胞内糖含量和比重随光照时间的变化规律均呈现显著的线性特征,在暗光条件下糖含量和比重随光照时间线性减少,在其余光照强度下随时间线性增加;且两者对光照强度均呈现正响应,即光照强度越大,糖含量和微囊藻细胞比重的增加速率也越大。糖含量和比重之间相关性显著,相关系数均在0.78以上。通过对糖含量和细胞比重的变化同步性和相关性分析,验证了在短时光照条件下胞内糖对细胞比重的调节作用。