Changes in heavy metal contents in animal feeds and manures in an intensive animal production region of China

The 360 feed and manure samples were collected from 150 animal farms in Jiangsu Province, China and analyzed for heavy metals. Concentrations of Zn and Cu in animal feeds were 15.9-2041.8 and undetected-392.1 mg/kg respectively, while Hg, As, Pb, Cd, and Cr in all feeds were below 10 mg/kg. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Cr in animal manures were 8.4-1726, 39.5-11379, and 1.0-1602 mg/kg respectively, while As, Cd, Hg, and Pb were 〈 10 mg/kg. The concentration of Cu, Zn, As and Cr in animal feed and manure were positively correlated （p 〈 0.001）, but the Cd, Hg, and Pb were not statistically correlated between the feed and the manure. Concentrations of Cu and Zn were highest in pig feed and manure, followed by poultry and dairy feeds and manures. During 1990- 2008, Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Cd contents increased by 771%, 410%, 420%, 220%, and 63% in pig manure, 212%, 95%, 200%, 791%, and -63% in dairy manure, and 181%, 197%, 1500%, 261, and 196% in poultry manure. Most of the increases occurred from 2002 to 2008, which reflects the extensive use of feed additives after 2002. In contrast, Pb and Hg in manures continuously decreased from 1990 to 2008. The results suggest that the heavy metal contents in animal manure have been greatly increased over 18 years and the contribution of manures to soil should be considered.     

Effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrous oxide emission in a sandy loam soil

To understand the effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and N fertilizer on N2O emission in the North China Plain, a laboratory incubation at different temperatures and soil moistures were carried out using soils treated with organic manure （OM）, half organic manure plus half fertilizer N （HOM）, fertilizer NPK （NPK）, fertilizer NP （NP）, fertilizer NK （NK）, fertilizer PK （NK） and control （CK） since 1989. Cumulative N2O emission in OM soil during the 17 d incubation period was slightly higher than in NPK soil under optimum nitrification conditions （25℃ and 60% water-filled pore space, WFPS）, but more than twice under the optimum denitrification conditions （35℃ and 90% WFPS）. N2O produced by denitrification was 2.1-2.3 times greater than that by nitrification in OM and HOM soils, but only 1.5 times greater in NPK and NP soils. These results implied that the long-term amendment of organic manure could significantly increase the N2O emission via denitrification in OM soil as compared to NPK soil. This is quite different from field measurement between OM soil and NPK soil. Substantial inhibition of the formation of anaerobic environment for denitrification in field might result in no marked difference in N2O emission between OM and NPK soils. This is due in part to more rapid oxygen diffusion in coarse textured soils than consumption by aerobic microbes until WFPS was 75% and to low easily decomposed organic C of organic manure. This finding suggested that addition of organic manure in the tested sandy loam might be a good management option since it seldom caused a burst of N2O emission but sequestered atmospheric C and maintained efficiently applied N in soil.     

成都市洗车场污泥的农业利用

成都市８个洗车场，采集其中４个场污泥进行试验分析，证明，污染可用于造田，改土，增厚土层，合理使用洗车场污泥，不会造成对土壤和农作物的污染。     

污水处理磷回收的研究进展

磷矿数量减少与含磷污水造成的水体富营养化问题对磷资源的可持续利用提出了迫切要求。从污水处理的不同环节回收磷并重新利用,是实现磷资源循环利用的有效途径。本文讨论了国内外磷回收技术的研究进展和应用实例,包括从含磷污泥和富磷污水中回收磷的工艺,并对磷回收的技术经济性进行了分析。     

稀土在水稻上的应用

通过田间试验表明：水稻施用一定浓度的稀土，能提高水稻秧苗素质，促进水稻早生快发，对水委的经济性状和品质均有良好的影响。     

肥料调控强化象草对重度Cd污染农田修复效果

象草（Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.）因适应能力强、生长迅速和生物量大,且具有一定的经济效益,在重金属污染土壤植物修复中有很好的应用前景.通过田间试验,研究不同肥料（有机肥、复合肥和追施氮肥）联合施用强化象草修复重度Cd污染农田的效果.结果表明：①不同肥料调控处理降低了土壤pH值,提高了土壤有机质含量,根际土壤总Cd含量较修复前降低了8.3%~23.3%,土壤有效态Cd含量较对照降低了11.7%~34.6%;②不同肥料调控处理显著促进了象草生长和对Cd的吸收累积,象草地上部生物量增加29.2%~368.2%,象草Cd总累积量增加了37.8%~283.9%,其中有机肥+复合肥+追施氮肥处理（F3N）象草Cd总累积量达到了145.48 g·hm^-2;③不同肥料联合对提高象草Cd累积量的效果为：有机肥+复合肥+追施氮肥>有机肥+复合肥>单一复合肥.因此,在重度Cd污染农田植物修复中,肥料调控可以强化象草对土壤中Cd的富集移除效果,进而加快对污染农田的修复.     

土地盐碱化有了治愈良药

吃盐植物、微生物肥料……经过多年的摸索实践，我国在治理盐碱化土地研究上，有了可喜成果。     

施肥对稻田甲烷排放的影响

采用自动连续测量系统，对不同施肥情况下稻田甲烷排放通量进行了监测。结果表明：施肥是影响稻田甲烷排放的重要因素。增施有机肥会导致甲烷排放量增加．应用化肥可降低甲烷排放，有机肥加倍处理，３２ｄ甲烷总排放量１６．４０ｇＣＨ＿４／ｍ￣２，是化肥加倍处理的１．５６倍；常规施肥处理介于两者之间。略高于常规加倍处理。肥料种类对甲烷排放量也有影响。全施有机肥高于有机肥加化肥（１：１）组，施沼渣肥组次之，全化肥组排放量最低，不到全有机肥处理排放量的１／５．有机肥又以施人畜粪的甲烷排放率最高，绿肥次之，沼渣肥和稻草的甲烷排放率最低。有机肥的多级利用是减少稻田甲烷排放的一条重要途径。     

施肥对不同农田土壤微生物活性的影响

采用室内恒温培养研究了施肥对不同农田土壤微生物活性的影响。结果表明，在红壤、水稻土和潮土中，土壤微生物量、土壤酶活性大小顺序均为有机肥配施无机肥处理＞单施有机肥处理＞单施无机肥处理，但对脲酶来说，其活性大小顺序为有机肥配施无机肥处理＞单施无机肥处理＞单施有机肥处理。从土壤类型来看，土壤微生物量碳、氮和土壤酶活性大小以水稻土最大，潮土次之，红壤最小。３种土壤的微生物量、土壤酶活性在培养的４５～６０ｄ之间分别达到最大值，以后逐渐下降。部分单施无机肥处理的土壤微生物量、土壤酶活性最大值比单施有机肥处理、有机肥配施无机肥处理提前１５ｄ。相关分析表明，有机肥配施无机肥处理及单施有机肥处理，３种土壤的土壤微生物量碳、氮与土壤过氧化氢酶、转化酶、蛋白酶、脲酶及速效养分呈显著或极显著的相关性；单施无机肥处理中，土壤微生物量碳、氮与土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖转化酶、蛋白酶、脲酶显著或极显著相关，与部分速效养分相关不显著。     

新型城市环卫和用水基础设施

“生态环卫”技术提供了共同解决两个关键水难题的办法：如何使世界缺乏用水和卫生设备的人数比例下降一半；如何解决湖泊、水库和内海的富营养化，氮和磷超标，主要来源于城市污水和农业肥料的流失，尿液和粪便（特别是尿液）含有氮和磷，一个新的人类废物管理办法，有可能使这些物质在农业领域循环。