SBR反应器中全自养硝化颗粒污泥的特性研究

在SBR反应器中接种硝化污泥,研究了污泥颗粒化过程中某些性能的变化,包括沉降性能、胞外聚合物、氧利用速率等.结果表明,当SBR沉淀时间由39min缩短至10min时,污泥SVI由接种时的110mL/g降低至24～42mL/g.EPS(以VSS计)中蛋白质含量由接种时的163mg/g增长到250～270mg/g;而EPS中多糖变化不大,基本在20～30mg/g;硝化颗粒污泥中EPS的蛋白质/多糖的比例基本在9～13左右.反应器中污泥浓度(以VSS计)约2.5g/L,VSS/SS基本保持在85%～90%.在反应器运行初期,污泥中氨氧化菌的活性(SOUR-A)和亚硝酸氧化菌的活性(SOUR-N)不断升高,在第17d,SOUR-A和SOUR-N分别达到259mg/(g·h)和119mg/(g·h);为接种污泥的2.4和5.3倍.当硝化颗粒形成且粒径不断增大后,污泥的SOUR-A和SOUR-N开始降低.污泥中异养菌的活性(SOUR-H)和内源呼吸活性(SOUR-E)在颗粒化过程中都保持在10mg/(g·h).     

镉对长江华溪蟹金属硫蛋白mRNA表达的诱导及低分子量壳聚糖的联合作用

采用实时荧光定量PCR法,研究了不同浓度镉（Cd2＋）对长江华溪蟹（Sinopotamon yangtsekiense）金属硫蛋白（metallothionein,简称MT）在肝胰腺、鳃、肌肉和心脏中mRNA表达的诱导作用及低分子量壳聚糖（lowmolecular weight chitosan,简称LMWC）的联合作...     

温室条件下UV-B辐射对蓝藻结皮生长和超微结构的影响

UV-B辐射是野外蓝藻结皮经常面临的一种环境胁迫因子.报道了温室条件下UV-B辐射对蓝藻结皮形态、生理和超微结构特征的影响.在本研究中,首先通过接种具鞘微鞘藻和爪哇伪枝藻形成初始蓝藻结皮,接着以初始蓝藻结皮为材料进行3种辐射处理:光合有效辐射、UV-B辐射+光合有效辐射和N-乙酰半胱氨酸+UV-B辐射+光合有效辐射.在...     

利用PCR-DGGE溯源典型农村塘坝饮用水中的污染

以华南地区典型农村塘坝饮用水为研究对象,采用基于大肠杆菌的两种特异性基因(β-D-葡萄糖苷酶编码基因uidA和膜外周磷通道蛋白编码基因phoE)的群体差异分析(PCR-DGGE),对饮用水中的污染情况进行了溯源研究.结果表明,采用富集培养的混合菌体DNA作为模板扩增大肠杆菌特异性基因更加实用.uidA和phoE的引物均...     

Resistance and biosorption mechanism of silver ions by Bacillus cereus biomass

Biosorption of silver ions onto Bacillus cereus biomass was investigated. Overall kinetic experiments were performed for the determination of the necessary contact time for the attainment of equilibrium. It was found that the overall biosorption process was best described by pseudo second-order kinetic model. The crystals detected by scanning electron microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggested the precipitation was a possible mechanism of biosorption. The molecular genetics of silver resistance of B. cereus biomass was also detected and illustrated by a whole cell sensor tool.     

一株产生物表面活性剂菌株的筛选

从被长期受石油污染的特定环境中取样,经富集培养和平板法筛选得到9株乳化性能较好的菌株.采用排油圈法对这9株菌进行表成活性测定,其中菌株SF-6表面活性最强,通过形态观察和部分生理生化试验初步鉴定该菌株为铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas Aeruginosa),其所产生物表面活性物质初步鉴定为鼠李糖脂.     

Submerged vegetation removal promotes shift of dominant phytoplankton functional groups in a eutrophic lake

Historical data indicate that the dominance of submerged plants in Dianchi Lake in the 1960 s was characterized by low algal density with dominance of non-toxic group J（Scenedesmus,Pediastrum,etc.）. The removal of submerged plants,which began in the 1970 s,resulted in the expansion of bloom-forming Microcystis（group M）. Laboratory experiments suggested that Microcystis aeruginosa was inclined to grow and develop at elevated temperatures. The growth of Scenedesmus obliquus was slower than that of co-cultivated M. aeruginosa in the absence of Ceratophyllum demersum,especially at higher temperatures. The existence of submerged plant C. demersum could inhibit the growth of the harmful algae M. aeruginosa and this inhibitory effect by C. demersum was enhanced with an increase in temperature. Instead,with C. demersum,the growth of S. obliquus was not inhibited,but the co-cultivated M. aeruginosa was eliminated in a short time. Combined with the historical data and laboratory experiments,it was indicated that the submerged plants might play important roles in the dominance of the non-toxic group J in the historical succession. Consequently,the introduction of the submerged plant such as C. demersum might alter the dominant phytoplankton functional groups from M to J and benefit the restoration of the eutrophic lake.     

Characterization of extracellular polymeric substances in the biofilms of typical bacteria by the sulfur K-edge XANES spectroscopy

A combined approach of physicochemical extraction and sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure（XANES） spectroscopy was applied to characterize the extracellular polymeric substances（EPS） of typical bacterial biofilms in this study. Physicochemical analysis showed variation of the contents of DNA,polysaccharide and protein in different fractions of EPS in different mediums. The sulfur K-edge XANES analysis yielded a variety of spectra.Spectral fitting of the XANES spectra utilizing a large set of model compounds showed that there was more reduced sulfur in both LB-EPS（loosely bound EPS） and TB-EPS（tightly bound EPS） of all the biofilms in LB medium than in R2 A medium. More oxidized sulfur was identified in LB-EPS than that in TB-EPS,suggesting different niches and physiological heterogeneity in the biofilms. Our results suggested that the sulfur K-edge XANES can be a useful tool to analyze the sulfur speciation in EPS of biofilms.     

电子受体类型对聚磷污泥胞外聚合物的影响研究

采用3种电子受体(硝氮、亚硝氮、氧),在SBR反应器中分别驯化了具有稳定除磷能力的聚磷污泥。对比研究了不同聚磷污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的组分与含量,结合三维荧光光谱对EPS中有机物质进行分析。研究表明,以硝氮、亚硝氮为电子受体的聚磷污泥EPS平均浓度较为接近,分别为115.6mg/gVSS、133.5 mg/gVSS,由厌氧段至缺氧段,EPS总浓度有所下降。以氧为电子受体聚磷污泥的EPS平均浓度相对较高,为194.5 mg/gVSS,由厌氧段至好氧段,EPS总浓度略有升高。不同聚磷污泥的EPS组分均以胞外蛋白为主,占EPS总量的53%~65%,多糖与核酸占EPS总量28%~34%、5%~7%。三维荧光光谱显示3种聚磷污泥EPS均具有芳香结构蛋白质、可溶性代谢物的荧光峰,另外,以硝氮为电子受体的聚磷污泥还具有明显的腐殖酸类物质的荧光峰。研究结果表明电子受体对聚磷污泥EPS的组分、浓度、有机质类别有一定的影响。     

不同浓度Cd~(2+)对酿酒酵母的毒害作用研究

以"模式生物"——酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)为载体,通过测定酵母细胞的生物量、活细胞/死细胞的计数比值以及胞外聚合物(EPS)的含量,研究了不同浓度的Cd2+(Cd2+浓度分别为0.0mg/L、0.1mg/L、0.5mg/L、1.0mg/L、2.0mg/L、8.0mg/L)对酿酒酵母的毒害作用。试验结果表明:当Cd2+浓度小于或等于0.1mg/L时,活细胞/死细胞的计数比值随着时间的推移分别降低了7.86和8.37,在0.5 mg/L、1.0 mg/L和2.0mg/L的Cd2+浓度下,活细胞/死细胞的计数比值则分别上升了3.35、5.64和0.89,8.0mg/L浓度的Cd2+则会完全抑制酵母细胞的增殖,活细胞/死细胞的计数比值波动在0.86~1.11之间;同时,随着Cd2+浓度的上升,酵母细胞的生物量会逐渐减少,0.1mg/L浓度的Cd2+对酵母细胞生物量无明显影响,0.5~8.0mg/L浓度的Cd2+可使酵母细胞生物量比不含Cd2+的培养基分别下降了7.01%、35.14%、59.89%和96.86%;此外,0.5 mg/L和1.0mg/L浓度的Cd2+能显著刺激酵母细胞分泌更多的EPS,增幅分别为20.26%和7.54%。上述结果表明酵母细胞在一定的Cd2+浓度下可以通过提高EPS的产量来抵御Cd2+对细胞的毒性作用。