生物膜法处理低浓度石油化工VOCs试验研究

生物膜法处理低浓度石油化工类复杂成分挥发性有机废气实验结果显示,该方法是行之有效的。生物膜填料塔净化该类有机废气具有较高的净化效率,并且出口浓度达到国家现行排放标准的要求。文章对实验结果及其影响因素进行了探讨和分析。     

进水浓度或HRT变化时微好氧处理微生态机制研究

考察改变进水COD浓度（11 000、 15 000、 30 000 mg/Ｌ）或水力停留时间（HRT为42 h、 25 h）对模拟高浓度有机废水微好氧连续小试处理效果的影响,并采用荧光原位杂交-流式细胞术（FISH-FCM）、聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE) 等分子生物学技术及Biolog　FF微孔板法分析了不同处理阶段稳定期曝气柱污泥的微生态变化,以探讨进水COD浓度或HRT改变时微好氧处理效果变化的微生态机制.结果表明,在全部4个处理阶段,曝气柱污泥中酵母含量均保持在＞99.9％的水平.随着进水COD浓度的上升,污泥浓度由2.0 g/Ｌ上升到7.3 g/Ｌ,COD比去除速度由2.3 kg/（kg·d）下降到1.7 kg/（kg·d）,曝气柱污泥真菌群落结构多样性指数由2.05上升至2.19,代谢多样性指数由4.42上升至4.45;而随着HRT下降,污泥浓度从7.3 g/Ｌ下降至6.0 g/Ｌ,COD比去除速度从1.7 kg/（kg·d）上升至2.8 kg/（kg·d）,真菌群落结构多样性指数和代谢多样性指数则分别从2.19和4.45降至0.79和4.36.作为提高进水有机负荷的主要措施,提高进水COD浓度和缩短HRT对于废水处理效果和曝气柱微生态存在截然相反的影响.     

生物柴油的碳烟形貌及影响因素分析

使用热场发射扫描电子显微镜拍摄了5种生物柴油和0号柴油在常温常压状态下燃烧产生的碳烟照片,分析了碳烟粒子的形貌及影响形貌和生成量的因素。研究表明,碳烟粒子多呈球状,平均直径在35～75nm之间,粒径分布符合高斯分布,总体排列呈现链状或者块状;碳烟形貌及生成量与火焰温度、燃料的氧含量、芳香烃含量、硫含量以及十六烷值等因素有关,与柴油相比,生物柴油燃烧火焰温度高、含氧量高、芳香烃和硫含量少,十六烷值高,使生物柴油的碳烟粒径普遍较小,整体排列更紧密,粘结程度更强。     

竹炭对微污染水中有机污染物的吸附

测定了竹炭对微污染水源水中CODMn,UV254,UV410的去除效果,研究了竹炭粒径、竹炭用量、吸附时间、溶液pH值对竹炭吸附特性的影响,并由正交试验确定出竹炭去除水中CODMn,UV254,UV410的最佳吸附条件。研究表明,粒径越小,竹炭的吸附效果越好;竹炭用量为100mg、吸附时间为1h时,竹炭对各指标去除率最高;弱酸条件对竹炭对各指标的吸附最有利,当pH值=4时竹炭对各指标的去除率最大;正交试验确定出动态吸附最佳操作条件为：竹炭粒径为100～200目,质量为100mg,振荡吸附1h,原水pH值为4。     

铁碳微电解法预处理染料废水的研究

采用铁碳微电解法对颜料的实际生产废水进行降解研究。结果表明,pH值为3,铁碳比为1：2,反应时间120 min,曝气的条件下,染料废水的处理效果最好,色度去除达到80%以上,COD的去除率也超过50%以上,可生化性由0.21提高到0.43。     

上海市城市扩展格局及土壤无机碳分布特征分析

土地利用方式变更引起的土壤碳库变化对全球温室效应、全球碳循环有重大影响。基于1：250000多目标地球化学调查数据,利用RS影像和GIS统计技术研究了上海城市扩展进程中的土壤无机碳空间分布与演化特征。根据上海地区1980、2000．2005年3期遥感影像分析,上海市城区扩张以原市区为中心向周边快速扩展,1980～2005年间,城区面积由193．08km^2增加到1570．52km^2,城市用地面积比例由3．05％迅速上升到24．77％。比较城区,郊区、乡村地区土壤无机碳分布,城区表层土壤无机碳密度为（1．12±0．64）kg／m^2,深层土壤无机碳密度为（1．24±0．40）kg／m^2,表层土壤无机碳积累明显,深层土壤呈现轻度积累,城区土壤无机碳空间分布变异系数降低。比较1980年前建城区、1980～2000年建城区．2000～2005年建城区与郊区土壤无机碳密度分布,城区土壤无机碳分布呈现富集。并且随建城区年限的延长,土壤无机碳积累渐趋显著,城市土壤无机碳分布的空间异质性降低。本项研究提供城市化进程中的土壤无机碳分布演变趋势信息,可为土壤固定碳潜力研究提供数据支持,也为推动中国城市生态系统碳循环研究提供参考。     

Isolation and characteristics of a novel biphenyl-degrading bacterial strain, Dyella ginsengisoli LA-4

A novel biphenyl-degrading bacterial strain LA-4 was isolated from activated sludge. It was identified as Dyella ginsengisoli according to phylogenetic similarity of 16S rRNA gene sequence. This isolate could utilize biphenyl as sole source of carbon and energy, which degraded over 95 mg/L biphenyl within 36 h. The major metabolites formed from biphenyl, such as 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoic acid (HOPDA) and benzoic acid, were identified by LC-MS. The crude cell extract of strain LA-4 exhibited the activity of 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl 1,2-dioxygenase (2,3-DHBD) and the kinetic parameters were Km= 26.48 μmol/L and Vmax= 8.12 μmol/mg protein. A conserved region of the biphenyl dioxygenase gene bphA1 of strain LA-4 was amplified by PCR and confirmed by DNA sequencing.     

Interfacial forces between silica surfaces measured by atomic force microscopy

Colloidal particle stability and some other interfacial phenomena are governed by interfacial force interactions. The two well known forces are van der Waals force and electrostatic force, as documented by the classical Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek (DLVO) theory. Moreover, advances in modern instrumentation and colloid science suggested that some short-ranged forces or structure forces are important for relevant colloidal systems. The interfacial and/or molecular forces can be measured as a resultant force as function of separation distance by atomic force microscopy (AFM) colloid probe. This article presents a discussion on AFM colloid probe measurement of silica particle and silica wafer surfaces in solutions with some technical notifications in measurement and data convolution mechanisms. The measured forces are then analyzed and discussed based on the ‘constant charge’ and ‘constant potential’ models of DLVO theory. The di erence between the prediction of DLVO theory and the measured results indicates that there is a strong short-range structure force between the two hydrophilic surfaces, even at extremely low ionic concentration, such as Milli-Q water purity solution.     

Heavy metal removal from aqueous solution using carbonaceous K2S-impregnated adsorbent

A novel carbonaceous adsorbent for heavy metal removal was prepared from raw coal by one-step simple sulfur impregnation using K2S. Raw coal was mixed with K2S powder and then heated at 800°C for 30 min in nitrogen to produce K2S char. The sulfur content and form in K2S char were determined, and the ability of K2S char to adsorb Zn2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ was examined. The K2S impregnation was e ective at impregnating sulfur into coal, especially in the form of elemental, thiophenic and sulfatic sulfur. The sulfur content of K2S char was higher than those of raw coal and pyrolysis char. The Zn2+ removal in 2.4 mmol/L of Zn2+ solution by K2S char was higher than raw coal with the removal rate of 100%. K2S char adsorbed Pb2+ and Cd2+ in 24 mmol/L of Pb2+ and Cd2+ solution with the removal rate of 97% and 35%, respectively. The elution extents of adsorbed Pb2+ and Cd2+ were zero in distilled water and 27% in 0.1 mol/L HCl solution. These results indicated that an e ective adsorbent for heavy metal ions was prepared from coal using K2S sulfur impregnation, and that the adsorbed metals were strongly retained in K2S char.     

二苯碳酰二肼光度法测定水中六价铬方法的改进

对比了6种酸体系对二苯碳酰二肼光度法测量六价铬的影响,得出盐酸体系步骤简化。分析速度快,易操作。线性关系、精密度、准确度能得到保证。