水解(酸化)工艺预处理难降解有机废水应用技术分析

本文对水解(酸化)工艺进行了原理分析,论述了该工艺的优缺点,以及对后续工艺的影响.分析论述了该工艺对几种典型的难降解有机废水的降解机理.认为水解(酸化)作为难降解有机废水的预处理工艺具有很高的推广应用价值.     

基于稳定同位素示踪的流域颗粒有机物质来源辨析

为有效控制流域水质污染,保证饮用水水源的水质安全,通过采集和测定流域内土壤、植物以及河流断面水体悬浮颗粒有机质(POM)在枯水期和丰水期的碳、氮稳定同位素值和C/N比值,对石头口门水库汇水流域水体POM的来源进行研究.结果表明,水体中POM主要来源于土壤有机质,其贡献为69.2%,藻类等大型水生生物和浮游植物的贡献分别为23.1%和7.7%.流域水体中POM的来源存在时空差异.丰水期,浮游植物和藻类等大型水生植物的贡献均为15.4%,而枯水期后者的贡献提高到了30.8%.水体POM主要来源于双阳河和饮马河下游的土壤有机质,说明该区域土壤侵蚀较重,易发生非点源污染;岔路河和饮马河上游支流小黄河,水体POM以浮游植物的贡献占主导,其贡献分别为86.3%和94.8%,这些区域侵蚀较弱,非点源污染发生的风险小;大中型水库区域的POM主要由藻类等大型水生植物贡献,表明悬浮颗粒物在进入水库后可能发生了明显沉积.     

Organic matter extracted from activated sludge with ammonium hydroxide and its characterization

In order to characterize the organic properties of waste activated sludge in a wastewater treatment plant,organic matter within sludge was extracted with NH 3 ·H 2 O preferentially,and subsequently fractionated into five fractions using XAD-8/XAD-4 resins.Up to a 63.8%-71.1% of organic matter within the sludge could be efficiently extracted by NH 3 ·H 2 O.Fractionation results showed that hydrophobic acid and hydrophilic fraction were two main components among the sludge organic matter (accounting for 32.2% and 48.0% of the bulk organic matter,respectively),whereas transphilic acid,hydrophobic neutral and transphilic neutral were quite low (accounting for 9.2%,5.8% and 4.8%,respectively).Despite that the extractant of NH 3 ·H 2 O showed a relatively higher extraction efficiency of the aromatic components,the relatively low aromaticity of the organic fractions implied that those non-aromatic components could also be effectively extracted,especially for neutral and hydrophilic fractions.In addition,acidic fractions contained more aromatic humic-like components,whereas the neutral fractions had a greater content of aromatic proteins and soluble microbial byproduct-like components.Extraction of sludge organics with NH 3 ·H 2 O and subsequential fractionation using XAD resins could be a novel method for further characterization of sludge organics.     

Effects of sterilization treatments on the analysis of TOC in water samples

Decomposition experiments conducted with and without microbial processes are commonly used to study the effects of environmental microorganisms on the degradation of organic pollutants.However,the effects of biological pretreatment (sterilization) on organic matter often have a negative impact on such experiments.Based on the principle of water total organic carbon (TOC) analysis,the effects of physical sterilization treatments on determination of TOC and other water quality parameters were investigated.The results revealed that two conventional physical sterilization treatments,autoclaving and 60 Co γ-radiation sterilization,led to the direct decomposition of some organic pollutants,resulting in remarkable errors in the analysis of TOC in water samples.Furthermore,the extent of the errors varied with the intensity and the duration of sterilization treatments.Accordingly,a novel sterilization method for water samples,0.45 μm micro-filtration coupled with ultraviolet radiation (MCUR),was developed in the present study.The results indicated that the MCUR method was capable of exerting a high bactericidal effect on the water sample while significantly decreasing the negative impact on the analysis of TOC and other water quality parameters.Before and after sterilization treatments,the relative errors of TOC determination could be controlled to lower than 3% for water samples with different categories and concentrations of organic pollutants by using MCUR.     

Influence of Indian mustard （Brassicajuncea） on rhizosphere soil solution chemistry in long-term contaminated soils： A rhizobox study

This study investigated the influence of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) root exudation on soil solution properties (pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), metal solubility) in the rhizosphere using a rhizobox. Measurement was conducted following the cultivation of Indian mustard in the rhizobox filled four di erent types of heavy metal contaminated soils (two alkaline soils and two acidic soils). The growth of Indian mustard resulted in a significant increase (by 0.6 pH units) in rhizosphere soil solution pH of acidic soils and only a slight increase (< 0.1 pH units) in alkaline soils. Furthermore, the DOC concentration increased by 17–156 mg/L in the rhizosphere regardless of soil type and the extent of contamination, demonstrating the exudation of DOC from root. Ion chromatographic determination showed a marked increase in the total dissolved organic acids (OAs) in rhizosphere. While root exudates were observed in all soils, the amount of DOC and OAs in soil solution varied considerably amongst di erent soils, resulting in significant changes to soil solution metals in the rhizosphere. For example, the soil solution Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations increased in the rhizosphere of alkaline soils compared to bulk soil following plant cultivation. In contrast, the soluble concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Zn in acidic soils decreased in rhizosphere soil when compared to bulk soils. Besides the influence of pH and DOC on metal solubility, the increase of heavy metal concentration having high stability constant such as Cu and Pb resulted in a release of Cd and Zn from solid phase to liquid phase.     

富勒烯制备的研究进展

富勒烯作为一种新型碳材料,应用日益广泛,而富勒烯的制备技术是深入研究富勒烯性质和应用的基础。本文总结了国内外的学者发现的富勒烯的制备方法,并分析对比了这些方法存在的优缺点,以期对未来富勒烯的制备和应用起到指导性的作用。     

黄河不同粒径悬浮物中POC含量及输运特征研究

悬浮物(TSS)粒径与颗粒有机碳(POC)含量关系的研究,是河流POC形态变化及输送过程和输运通量研究的基础.本研究在沉降分级法基础上,结合激光粒度仪粒度测定和多元线性回归分析的数据处理方法,对2005-06-29黄河利津站、2005-09-27黄河口低盐度区以及2006年11月兰州、潼关、花园口各站TSS样品分析发现：黄河TSS中POC与其对应的中值粒径存在良好的负指数关系,POC的极限值为0.56%,普遍低于世界其它河流;黄河不同区段站位TSS性质不同使各样品相同粒级间POC存在明显的差异,黄河口站>花园口站>兰州站>潼关站>利津站,如<8 μm粒级TSS中POC依次是0.661%、 0.627%、 0.550%、 0.505%、 0.493%;黄河各粒级TSS所承载的POC量占样品POC总量的比例在不同区段各样品间极其相近,POC随TSS粒径增大显著递减, 80%以上的POC集中在<16 μm的TSS中,而粒径<32 μm的TSS承载了95%以上的POC.可见虽然黄河自西向东横跨5　000　km之多,落差达4　000　m以上,但POC的输运规律具有一致性,TSS粒径是控制POC输运特性的主要因素.     

有机修饰土对苯酚的吸附动力学

以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵单一修饰（CB）和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵+十二烷基磺酸钠混合修饰（CS）土耕层和黏化层土样,采用批处理法通过不同的速度参数研究了修饰土样对苯酚的吸附动力学特征,并对其机制进行了探讨.结果表明,在2个温度下,土两层次修饰土样吸附苯酚的总吸附速度V_t和快速吸附反应速度V_f在低添加浓度下分别为2.64～3.31 μg·(g·h)^-1和39.19～61.23 μg·(g·h)^-1,在较高添加浓度下分别为13.09～16.30 μg·(g·h)^-1和247.87～325.64 μg·(g·h)^-1,耕层土样V_t、V_f的大小顺序均为100 CB>120 CS>50 CB>CK,而黏化层土样均为100 CB>50 CB>120 CS>CK.结果证实土两层次土样的有机修饰能够显著加快对苯酚的吸附速度.苯酚的吸附反应分为快速反应和慢速反应2个阶段,总吸附反应以快速吸附反应为主,与快速反应有关的不同速度参数之间具有良好的相关性,而慢速吸附反应则影响不大.修饰土样快速反应和慢速反应的转折时间均小于2　h,且与吸附速度呈现相反的大小顺序.黏化层修饰土样对苯酚的吸附速度高于耕层修饰土样.吸附温度的升高、苯酚添加浓度的提高均可以加快修饰土样对苯酚的吸附反应速度.指数Ⅱ型动力学模型是描述修饰土样吸附苯酚的最佳模型.拟合参数A值与快速吸附反应相关的各项速度参数具有良好的相关性,而模型参数-B与转折时间具有良好的相关性,-B可以作为描述吸附反应速度的特征参数.修饰土样对苯酚的吸附机制以有机相对苯酚的疏水吸附为主.     

氯对模拟管壁生物膜的氧化特性研究

以载片上培养的大肠杆菌生物膜为对象,研究了氯对模拟管壁生物膜中大肠杆菌的灭活效果,同时考察氯氧化生物膜后水中生物可同化有机碳(AOC)、生物可利用磷(MAP)和细菌生长潜能(BRP)的变化情况.结果表明,氯可以有效灭活悬浮态的大肠杆菌,而对生物膜中的大肠杆菌的灭活效率远低于悬浮菌;在相同CT值下,较高浓度的氯对悬浮态和生物膜中大肠杆菌的灭活效果要高于低浓度的氯.氯对生物膜的氧化作用会使生物膜中物质溶出,增加了水中AOC和MAP浓度,如当氯的浓度为1.0 mg/Ｌ(CT值为100 mg·min/L)时,水中AOC由20.78 μg/L增加到120.17 μg/L,MAP含量由0.11 μg/L增加到0.17 μg/L;氯的氧化作用会增加水的细菌生长潜能（BRP）,BRP随着CT值的增加而增加,如当氯投量为1.0 mg/Ｌ(CT值为100　mg·min/L)时,BRP可达到1.10×10⁷ CFU/mL.     

气溶胶质谱仪在研究有机气溶胶环境微界面过程中的应用

有机气溶胶非均相和多相反应是复杂的微界面过程,它涉及气体的吸附、扩散、反应和解吸,传统的化学分析仪器不能提供完整实时的微界面过程的化学反应信息.气溶胶质谱仪是近年来发展起来用于实时分析颗粒物化学组分的重要仪器,它弥补了传统化学分析仪器,如GC/MS在实时分析上的不足,为研究有机气溶胶非均相化学反应的微界面过程提供了新的方法.本文旨在介绍气溶胶质谱仪的结构及其在研究有机气溶胶环境微界面过程中的应用.