根际微生物对土壤有机物修复现状和发展

由于耕种需要、污灌、垃圾渗滤液、环境事故等原因大量的有机污染物进入土壤。因为良好的环境效益、社会效益和经济效益,利用植物修复有机物污染土壤已经成为国内外研究的重点和热点。在分析植物和根际微生物作用关系及其对有机物污染修复作用机理基础上,进一步探讨了植物和根际微生物对有机污染物的修复原理、修复效果和修复途径以及植物和根际微生物选择机理。最后根据目前研究的热点和土壤污染的特点,全面阐述了土壤有机物污染利用根际微生物进行修复的发展前景和发展趋势。     

城镇化建设不可破坏人居环境

正每年春节那几天的城市总给人一种特别的感觉:往日里被密集排列的汽车挤占的街道终于露出了地面,显得那么平坦宽敞;往日里被挤来挤去的人群包围着的商场也露出了展柜;往日里昼夜不停施工的大小工地终于静了下来,漂浮在上空的尘土也随之缓解……在拥挤和噪音中忙碌了一年的人们这时候才体会到宽敞、安静、清新给生活带来的另一种味道,感受到了城市生活的应有品质,不由得会发出"城     

东海赤潮生消期典型断面颗粒有机物的垂直分布特征及影响因素

依据2011年3~5月对东海赤潮高发区典型断面Za的8次调查资料,研究了该海域在赤潮生消期颗粒有机物的垂直分布特征及变化,并对其影响因素进行了初步探讨。结果表明,赤潮爆发前颗粒有机物浓度高值中心主要集中在近岸海区,主要受陆源输入和沉积物再悬浮的影响,外海受少量浮游植物活动影响出现次高值区。赤潮爆发期,颗粒有机物浓度的高值区由近岸转为外海,浮游植物的活动成为影响颗粒有机物分布的主要因素。垂直方向上,赤潮爆发前由于沉积物再悬浮的影响,底层出现最大值,表层次之,中层最低。而赤潮爆发期,由于浮游植物活动的影响,表中层最高,赤潮爆发前后颗粒有机物与叶绿素的含量整体上呈上升趋势。     

浅谈雾霾两种天气现象危害及防御

随着经济社会的不断发展,经济规模的迅速扩大和城市化进程日渐加快,大气污染日趋严重,雾霾,在2013年成了一个恶梦般的词。本文从气象学角度详细阐述雾霾天气现象概念、区别及它们形成的原因,使人们真正了解"雾"和"霾"这两种天气现象,以便有针对性地对雾、霾天气进行防御。     

挥发性有机污染物(VOCs)治理进展及发展前沿思考

本文介绍了近年国内外在治理可挥发性有机化合物的研究进展,并对吸附与催化技术,低温等离子体-光催化技术等几种先进的处理技术最新发展作了较全面的综述,并对发展前景进行展望。     

南京北郊大气VOCs变化特征及来源解析

利用2011-03-01~2012-02-29南京北郊大气VOCs观测资料,对大气VOCs浓度变化特征和特征物比值差异展开研究,并应用PCA/APCS受体模型对不同季节VOCs来源进行了解析.结果表明,南京大气总VOCs体积混合比为43.52×10-9,其中烷烃占45.1%、烯烃占25.3%、炔烃占7.3%和芳香烃占22.3%.总VOCs体积混合比呈现夏季高,冬季低的季节变化.VOCs组分中烷烃在冬季最高,烯烃夏季最高,芳香烃春季最高,炔烃冬季最高.特征物比值(VOCs/乙炔)和T/B比值反映出观测点受周边工业区影响较大.VOCs源解析表明,主要来源来自工厂生产、机动车排放、燃料燃烧、生产活动挥发、溶剂使用和自然源.虽然有季节变化,但与工业生产活动相关的来源占大气VOCs 45%~63%,其次为机动车来源占34%~50%.     

睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌PhaR基因敲除菌株的构建及其3, 17β-HSD对甾族化合物的响应特性

基于同源重组原理构建了PhaR基因敲除的睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌基因工程菌,并对不同诱导条件下菌体细胞的3,17β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶(3,17β-HSD)的表达情况进行了研究.结果表明,利用电穿孔法获得了一株PhaR基因插入失活的睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌突变体PK-4,该突变菌株具有较高的遗传稳定性.建立的ELISA法对3,17β-HSD表达的定量分析表明,睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌的野生株和突变株细胞内的3,17β-HSD蛋白都可被睾丸酮诱导,但不能被雌二醇和胆固醇诱导.在诱导条件下,突变菌株PK-4产生的3,17β-HSD蛋白量是野生型菌株产生量的2.6倍,并且在无诱导条件下,前者的量也明显高于后者,表明PhaR为3,17β-HSD基因表达的抑制子.雌二醇和胆固醇可明显抑制睾丸酮对睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌3,17β-HSD的诱导效应,但在相同条件下,睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌PhaR基因敲除的突变菌株PK-4产生的3,17β-HSD蛋白量仍然明显高于野生型菌株.说明,PhaR基因在睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌的3,17β-HSD表达调控方面具有重要意义,并且PhaR基因敲除的睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌基因工程菌PK-4在雄性激素污染物的环境污染治理方面还具有潜在的应用价值.     

Characteristics of ozone and ozone precursors (VOCs and NOx) around a petroleum refinery in Beijing, China

A field measurement campaign for ozone and ozone precursors(VOCs and NOx) was conducted in summer 2011 around a petroleum refinery in the Beijing rural region. Three observation sites were arranged, one at southwest of the refinery as the background, and two at northeast of the refinery as the downwind receptors. Monitoring data revealed the presence of serious surface O3 pollution with the characteristics of high average daily mean and maximum concentrations(64.0 and 145.4 ppbV in no-rain days, respectively) and multi-peak diurnal variation. For NOx, the average hourly concentrations of NO2 and NO were in the range of 20.5–46.1 and 1.8–6.4 ppbV, respectively. For VOC measurement, a total of 51 compounds were detected. Normally, TVOCs at the background site was only dozens of ppbC, while TVOCs at the downwind sites reached several hundreds of ppbC. By subtracting the VOC concentrations at background, chemical profiles of VOC emission from the refinery were obtained, mainly including alkanes(60.0% ± 4.3%), alkenes(21.1% ± 5.5%) and aromatics(18.9% ± 3.9%). Moreover, some differences in chemical profiles for the same measurement hours were observed between the downwind sites; the volume ratios of alkanes with low reactivity and those of alkenes with high reactivity respectively showed an increasing trend and a decreasing trend. Finally, based on temporal and spatial variations of VOC mixing ratios, their photochemical degradations and dispersion degradations were estimated to be 0.15–0.27 and 0.42–0.62, respectively, by the photochemical age calculation method, indicating stronger photochemical reactions around the refinery.     

岸边藤状灌木滞留污染物特征及对城市河道水质的影响

选用以迎春花作为岸边藤状灌木的典型代表,考察了其枝叶上黏附滞留的污染物特征及被雨水冲刷后对城市河道水质的影响。结果表明:夏季单位重量迎春花枝叶上7日滞留污染物中Zn、Cu、Pb的含量平均分别达到4.25,0.53,0.27mg/kg;氨氮和CODMn的含量最高分别达到8.95,277.75 mg/kg。用GC/MS对其挥发性和半挥发性有机物成分分析可知,岸边藤状灌木滞留的污染物对河道水质有长期的影响,两者有机物的组分相似。     

Simultaneous removal of dissolved organic matter and bromide from drinking water source by anion exchange resins for controlling disinfection by-products

Anion exchange resins （AERs） with different properties were evaluated for their ability to remove dissolved organic matter （DOM） and bromide, and to reduce disinfection by-product （DBP） formation potentials of water collected from a eutrophic surface water source in Japan. DOM and bromide were simultaneously removed by all selected AERs in batch adsorption experiments. A polyacrylic magnetic ion exchange resin （MIEX） showed faster dissolved organic carbon （DOC） removal than other AERs because it had the smallest resin bead size. Aromatic DOM fractions with molecular weight larger than 1600 Da and fluorescent organic fractions of fulvic acid- and humic acid-like compounds were efficiently removed by all AERs. Polystyrene AERs were more effective in bromide removal than polyacrylic AERs. This result implied that the properties of AERs, i.e. material and resin size, influenced not only DOM removal but also bromide removal efficiency, MIEX showed significant chlorinated DBP removal because it had the highest DOC removal within 30 rain, whereas polystyrene AERs efficiently removed brominated DBPs, especially brominated trihalomethane species. The results suggested that, depending on source water DOM and bromide concentration, selecting a suitable AER is a key factor in effective control of chlorinated and brominated DBPs in drinking water.