活性污泥絮体的分形结构分析

通过小角光散射(small-angle light scattering,SALS)实验确定出活性污泥絮体的分形区域,对絮体粒径分布进行了拟合分析,采用原子力显微镜(AFM)和激光共聚焦扫描显微镜(CLSM)对絮体在不同尺度下的形貌进行了观测.结果显示,污泥絮体是由一系列的絮团结合而成,絮体表面凹凸不平,有各种"孔洞","缝隙",絮体内部存在一系列的孔隙.较大尺度的絮体同时存在多种孔道结构,构成絮体中营养物和水流的运输通道;污泥絮体在0.5～50μm之间具有明显的分形结构,表明活性污泥絮体在较小的粒径时已经具有一定的分形特征,活性污泥的粒度分布属于Gamma分布方式,证明污泥絮体的成长过程是一种絮团-絮团的凝聚过程.     

有序介孔碳载金/L-赖氨酸/纳米金修饰电极的制备及其对邻苯二酚、对苯二酚的检测响应研究

通过化学还原的方法合成有序介孔碳负载纳米金粒子,并构筑有序介孔碳载金/L-赖氨酸/纳米金复合膜修饰玻碳电极;利用扫描电镜观察介孔碳和介孔碳复合膜的微观结构,并用循环伏安法、电化学阻抗谱表征自组装电极的过程.在此基础上用差分脉冲伏安法研究对苯二酚和邻苯二酚混合物在该电极上的电催化氧化,研制了一种基于有序介孔碳载金/L-赖氨酸/纳米金复合膜修饰电极分别检测对苯二酚和邻苯二酚的传感器.在最优的实验条件下,该传感器在对苯二酚和邻苯二酚浓度为1×10-6～8×10-4mol·L-1的范围内具有良好的线性关系,检出限分别为3×10-7mol·L-1、7×10-7mol·L-1.     

嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对铜镉的吸附特性与离子交换

研究了投菌量、金属浓度和戊二醛浓度对嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌吸附水体中Cu2+和Cd2+特性的影响,分析了重金属生物吸附、NO3-去除与菌体离子释放的关联,从离子吸附、交换、转化与释放的角度探讨了重金属生物吸附机制.结果表明嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对Cu2+和Cd2+吸附性能良好,0.2 g·L-1干重菌体处理浓度为0.05 mmol·L-1的Cu(NO3)2和Cd(NO3)2溶液120 min后,Cu2+和Cd2+的吸附率分别达96.3%和83.9%.菌体对Cu(NO3)2和Cd(NO3)2溶液的吸附过程存在Cu2+和Cd2+的表面吸附与胞内运输、NO3-胞内积累、NO3-还原为NO2-等行为,而且Cu2+和Cd2+的胞内运输、NO3-积累和还原需要消耗能量,并会促进Cl-、PO43-、SO42-、Na+、NH4+、K+和Ca2+等离子的释放.红外光谱分析表明菌体酰胺基、羟基与羧基均参与了Cu2+和Cd2+的吸附.X-光电子能谱分析显示吸附后Cu2+和Cd2+的价态不发生变化.     

短程硝化颗粒污泥的快速培养与硝化特性研究

以城市污水处理厂剩余污泥为种泥,以2 min沉淀时间为选择压,在序批式反应器(SBR)中快速培养出好氧颗粒污泥。经过60个周期(20 d),反应器内出现砂粒状颗粒,并持续稳定运行120 d。成熟的颗粒污泥平均粒径856.56μm,具有良好的硝化性能。SBR反应器以固定曝气时间方式运行,亚硝酸盐积累率达80%以上,实现了稳定短程硝化。试验结果表明:絮体污泥(即接种污泥)与颗粒污泥的硝化过程相似但略有差异。二者差别在于,氨氮氧化结束后,继续曝气120 min,絮体污泥将亚硝酸盐完全转化为硝酸盐,而颗粒污泥仅将部分亚硝酸盐转化且过程比较缓慢。     

不同曝气强度下SBR系统污染物去除及N_2O排放研究

为考察曝气强度对SBR(A/O)系统N2O产生量的影响,试验采用人工合成废水长期驯化2个月后的污泥,分别考察了在0.2,0.4,0.6L/min三个曝气强度下对污染物的去除情况及N2O的产生情况。结果表明:在三种曝气强度下磷酸盐的平均去除率均可达95%⁹8%,低曝气强度下N2O释放量明显高于中等曝气强度,高曝气强度下N2O释放量最大,0.4L/min曝气强度下污染物去除率最好N2O释放量低,因此确定为最佳曝气强度。     

活性炭吸附法处理冶金废水的工程设计模型

以博哈特(Bohart)和亚当斯(Adams)方程为推导依据,结合连续进水活性炭模型实验,证明了活性炭吸附法处理冶金废水的可行性,且得出了活性炭吸附高度、工作周期、污染物去除率等重要设计参数之间的关系,为活性炭的工程设计提出了一套有效的参考计算方法和设计程序。     

A pilot-scale study of cryolite precipitation from high fluoride-containing wastewater in a reaction-separation integrated reactor

Fluoride removal by traditional precipitation generates huge amounts of a water-rich sludge with low quality, which has no commercial or industrial value. The present study evaluated the feasibility of recovering fluoride as low water content cryolite from industrial fluoride-containing wastewater. A novel pilot-scale reaction-separation integrated reactor was designed. The results showed that the seed retention time in the reactor was prolonged to strengthen the induced crystallization process. The particle size of cryolite increased with increasing seed retention time, which decreased the water content. The recovery rate of cryolite was above 75% under an influent fluoride concentration of 3500 mg/L, a reaction temperature of 50℃, and an influent flow of 40 L/hr. The cryolite products that precipitated from the reactor were small in volume, large in particle size, low in water content, high in crystal purity, and recyclable.     

Ethyl thiosemicarbazide intercalated organophilic calcined hydrotalcite as a potential sorbent for the removal of uranium(VI) and thorium(IV) ions from aqueous solutions

This work was conducted to determine the practicability of using a new adsorbent 4-ethyl thiosemicarbazide intercalated,organophilic calcined hydrotalcite(ETSC-OHTC) for the removal of uranium(U(VI)),and thorium(Th(IV)) from water and wastewater.The FTIR analysis helped in realizing the involvement of nitrogen and sulphur atoms of ETSC in binding the metal ions through complex formation.Parameters like adsorbent dosage,solution pH,initial metal ions concentration,contact time and ionic strength,that influence adsorption phenomenon,were studied.The optimum pH for maximum adsorption of U(VI) and Th(IV) was found to be in the range 4.0-6.0.The contact time required for reaching equilibrium was 4 hr.The pseudo second-order kinetic model was the best fit to represent the kinetic data.Analysis of the equilibrium adsorption data using Langmuir,Freundlich and Sips models showed that the Freundlich model was well suited to describe the metal ions adsorption.The K F values were 25.43 and 29.11mg/g for U(VI) and Th(IV),respectively,at 30°C.The adsorbent can be regenerated effectively from U(VI) and Th(IV) loaded ones using 0.01mol/L HCl.The new adsorbent was quite stable for many cycles,without much reduction in its adsorption capacity towards the metals.     

不同Fe(Ⅲ)对活性污泥异化铁还原及除磷影响研究

以SBBR反应器活性污泥作为铁还原菌菌种来源,采用兼性厌氧/严格厌氧恒温培养试验,投加不同Fe(Ⅲ)考察各条件下的异化铁还原能力同时比较对磷的去除效果.结果表明:2种条件下Fe(Ⅲ)还原能力具有较好的一致性,依次为:Fe(OH)3＞氧化铁皮＞青矿＞红矿,其中严格厌氧条件下较好.同时,除磷效果与其呈正相关,富集培养至7d,Fe(OH)3及氧化铁皮体系出水磷浓度均达到2mg/L以下,之后继续降低,最终达到0.5mg/L以下.结合异化铁还原除磷机理,可以证明,不同Fe(Ⅲ)表面吸附作用对TP的去除贡献较小,其主要作用为铁还原菌驱动下的化学沉淀去除.     

复合膜生物反应器处理环氧氯丙烷废水

实验利用复合膜生物反应器处理以甘油为原料制备环氧氯丙烷产生的废水,考察了不同进水COD、水力停留时间以及盐度对处理能力的影响,并进行盐度冲击实验。生物处理后出水进行了深度处理的研究。结果表明:进水COD对处理能力影响较小;适当延长水力停留时间能优化出水水质;废水盐度高于22g/L时会对微生物产生抑制作用;深度处理能进一步降低出水COD;微生物通过一定时间的驯化期能适应并处理高盐度废水。