基于碳储量最大化的流域多目标土地利用分区优化模拟——以广西西江清水河为例

土地利用变化是影响碳固存变化的重要因素,土地利用优化对实现区域碳平衡具有重要作用。以广西西江清水河流域为研究对象,基于2000年、2010年和2020年土地利用数据,通过FLUS-InVEST耦合模型预测2060年清水河流域4种模拟情景(基线情景、耕地保护情景、水域保护情景、高碳储用地保护情景)下土地利用变化与碳储量的时空发展特征;针对高、中、低碳储能力等级区域适宜发展的方向,构建基于碳储量最大化的灰色线性规划模型,优化土地利用数量结构并运用FLUS模型模拟土地利用空间布局;利用Fragstats软件分析流域上、中、下游区域不同土地利用类型的形态格局,探讨其与碳储量的相关性并提出相应的优化策略。结果表明：1)4种模拟情景下,2060年流域碳储量仅在高碳储用地保护情景下稳定提升,其他3种情景都大幅下降;2)基于优化方案,2060年流域内林地、湿地和水域面积增加,建设用地面积稳定增长,草地、耕地面积相对减少且连片耕地保持不变,流域整体碳储量增长达1.32×10⁶ t;3)流域土地利用形态格局影响碳储量,且不同流段存在空间异质性,整体上斑块呈现复杂不规则的形态和较高的聚...     

叶面喷施生物质碳点对玉米光合及产量的影响

与化石能源相比,生物质作为最常见的可再生能源,不仅污染小,还有助于缓解全球变暖。因此,合理有效的利用生物质对生态环境的可持续发展具有重要意义。以大豆(Glycine max)为生物质碳源,通过水热法合成了大豆生物质碳点(SoyCDs)。制备的Soy-CDs呈球形,平均粒径为2.9 nm,最佳激发波长为340 nm,最佳发射波长为440 nm,表面富含含氧官能团,表明Soy-CDs具有良好荧光特性及生物相容性,且最大产率可达50%。此外,进一步探究了叶施不同质量浓度的SoyCDs(0、5、10、25 mg·L^-1)对玉米(Zea mays)光合、生长及产量的影响。结果表明,10 mg·L^-1的Soy-CDs可显著提高玉米叶片的净光合速率(208.0%),其可能原因是Soy-CDs的光转换功能增加了玉米叶片对光能的吸收和利用效率,进而改善了玉米叶片的叶绿素荧光参数及电子传递过程。同时,玉米地上部的鲜质量和干质量分别增加53.9%和42.1%,玉米地下部的鲜质量和干质量分别增加84.9%和58.6%。玉米根长、根表面积及根尖数分别增加了83.0%、...     

新疆森林植被碳储量预测研究

森林在固碳与应对气候变化方面起着重要作用。在区域空间尺度上,如何准确预测森林碳储量仍是热点与难点。以新疆主要森林类型常绿针叶林、落叶针叶林、落叶阔叶林和针阔混交林为研究对象,综合激光雷达树高数据与森林调查数据,采用幂函数模型估算新疆森林植被生物量并转换为碳密度,基于森林植被生物量利用Logistic模型与Gompertz模型估算新疆森林年龄获得新疆森林年龄空间分布图。在构建适合新疆主要森林类型的年龄与碳密度模型的基础上,预测2030年和2060年新疆森林植被碳储量与碳汇速率。结果表明,(1)构建的适合新疆主要森林类型生物量和森林年龄的估算模型以及森林年龄与碳密度的生长模型拟合度和显著性水平都较高,通过验证确定了对应的最优模型及参数。其中新疆森林生长模型表现出随林龄增加碳密度逐渐增加,到达成熟林后碳密度逐渐趋于稳定的特征。(2)2019年新疆森林年龄与碳密度空间分布大致呈现西高东低,北高南低的格局,与不同森林类型的环境适应能力及生长速率有关。2019年新疆森林的平均生物量、平均碳密度和年龄分别为147.84 Mg·hm^-2、73.92 Mg·hm^-2     

长期施肥对双季稻田根际土壤氮素的影响

土壤有机氮含量是评价土壤质量变化的重要肥力指标,土壤氮矿化及其微生物数量易受不同施肥措施的影响。为明确南方双季稻区长期不同施肥模式对根际土壤氮矿化及其微生物数量的影响,以长期（37年）定位施肥试验田为平台,系统分析了不同施肥模式[单独施用化肥(MF)、秸秆还田+化肥(RF)、30%有机肥+70%化肥(OM)和无肥对照(CK)]下双季稻田根际土壤微生物量氮含量、氮素矿化、硝化和氨化速率、氮循环微生物数量的变化特征,及土壤氮转化与理化特性、微生物相关性。结果表明,OM处理根际土壤有机碳、总氮、碱解氮、硝态氮、氨态氮和无机氮含量均显著（P<0.05）高于RF、MF和CK处理。OM处理根际土壤微生物量氮含量最高,比CK处理增加24.1%。OM处理根际土壤有氧氮矿化率、厌氧氮矿化率和氨化速率均为最高,均显著高于MF和CK处理（P<0.05）;MF处理根际土壤硝化速率为最高,显著高于RF、OM和CK处理（P<0.05）。OM处理根际土壤硝化细菌、反硝化细菌和氨化细菌数量均显著高于RF、OM和CK处理（P<0.05）;RF处理根际土壤固氮菌数量显著高于MF、OM和CK处理（P...     

长江口水体化能自养固碳过程的潮周期变化特征及影响因素

河口水体中硝化微生物的化能自养固碳(DCF)对碳氮循环过程有着重要影响,但目前关于河口水体氨氧化微生物对DCF过程的贡献鲜见报道。以长江口为研究区,利用¹⁴C和¹⁵N同位素示踪技术,分别测定了大潮和小潮期间水体DCF和硝化速率,并通过实时荧光定量PCR技术量化了相关功能基因丰度。结果表明,长江口水体大小潮期间,DCF和硝化速率分别介于170.72-1 007.35 nmol·L^-1·d^-1和1.45-70.75 nmol·L^-1·h^-1,呈现大潮速率相对较高,小潮速率低的变化特征,且底层水体DCF和硝化速率显著高于表层水体。水体中铵盐和可溶性无机碳浓度是影响DCF和硝化速率的关键环境因子。定量PCR结果表明,大潮和小潮时cbbL基因丰度分别为0.40×10⁸-3.40×10⁸ copies·L^-1和0.49×10⁸-2.27×10⁸ copies·...     

凤仙花种子包衣载体固定化微生物修复石油烃污染土壤的效应

土壤石油烃污染已成为全球环境问题之一。生物修复技术具有绿色、低碳、低成本的显著优点,发挥植物和微生物的协同作用是提高有机污染土壤修复效率的重要途径。为了提高植物在污染土壤中的存活率以及保持微生物的活性,以观赏园艺植物凤仙花(Impatiens balsamina L.)作为修复植物,结合种子包衣技术和微生物固定化技术,使用包衣材料海藻酸钠10.0g·L^-1膨润土35.0 g·L^-1以及生物炭8.00 g·L^-1,交联剂氯化钙50.0 g·L^-1,采用包埋-交联法先对凤仙花种子包衣处理,然后以凤仙花种子包衣为载体固定化石油烃高效降解菌琼氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter junii,Hsr2a),通过盆栽试验,研究在总石油烃(Total petroleum hydrocarbons,TPHs)质量分数为10.4 g·kg^-1的条件下,凤仙花种子包衣载体固定化微生物对土壤TPHs去除率的影响。结果表明,经过40 d盆栽修复,包衣处理的凤仙花较裸种凤仙花植物长势更好。通过对比不同...     

Isolation, characterization and phylogenetic analysis of a bacterial strain capable of degrading acetamiprid

An aerobic bacterium, capable of degrading the new chloronicotine pesticide acetamiprid, was isolated from the sludge of pesticide factory after successive enrichment cultures and named strain FH2 which is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, obligate aerobic org     

Field released transgenic papaya effect on soil microbial communities and enzyme activities

Soil properties, microbial communities and enzyme activities were studied in soil amended with replicase （RP）-transgenic or non-transgenic papaya under field conditions. Compared with non-transgenic papaya, significant differences （P〈0.05） were observed in total nitrogen in soils grown with transgenic papaya. There were also significant differences （P〈0.05） in the total number of colony forming units （CFUs） of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi between soils amended with RP-transgenic plants and non-transgenic plants. Compared with non-transgenic papaya, the total CFUs of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi in soil with transgenic papaya increased by 0.43-1.1, 0.21-0.80 and 0.46-0.73 times respectively. Significantly higher （P〈0.05） CFUs of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi resistant to kanamycin （Km） were obtained in soils with RP-transgenic papaya than those with non-transgenic papaya in all concentrations of Km. Higher resistance quotients for Km＇ （kanamycin resistant） bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi were found in soil planted with RP-transgenic papaya, and the resistance quotients for Km＇ bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi in soils with transgenic papaya increased 1.6-4.46, 0.63-2.5 and 0.75-2.30 times. RP-transgenic papaya and non-transgenic papaya produced significantly different enzyme activities in arylsulfatase （5.4-5.9x）, polyphenol oxidase （0.7-1.4x）, invertase （0.5-0.79x）, cellulase （0.23-0.35x） and phosphodiesterase （0.16-0.2x）. The former three soil enzymes appeared to be more sensitive to the transgenic papaya than the others, and could be useful parameters in assessing the effects of transgenic papaya. Transgenic papaya could alter soil chemical properties, enzyme activities and microbial communities.     

Ecological effects of crude oil residues on the functional diversity of soil microorganisms in three weed rhizospheres

Ecological effects of crude oil residues on weed rhizospheres are still vague. The quantitative and diversity changes and metabolic responses of soil-bacterial communities in common dandelion （Taraxacum officinale）, jerusalem artichoke （Silphiurn perfoliatum L.） and evening primrose （A colypha australis L.） rhizospheric soils were thus examined using the method of carbon source utilization. The results indicated that there were various toxic effects of crude oil residues on the growth and reproduction of soil bacteria, but the weed rhizospheres could mitigate the toxic effects. Total heterotrophic counting colony-forming units （CFUs） in the rhizospheric soils were significantly higher than those in the non-rhizospheric soils. The culturable soil-bacterial CFUs in the jerusalem artichoke （S. perfoliatum） rhizosphere polluted with 0.50 kg/pot of crude oil residues were almost twice as much as those with 0.25 kg/pot and without the addition of crude oil residues. The addition of crude oil residues increased the difference in substrate evenness, substrate richness, and substrate diversity between non-rhizospheric and rhizospheric soils of T. officinale and A. australis, but there was no significant （p〉0.05） difference in the Shannon＇s diversity index between non-rhizospheric and rhizospheric soils of S. perfoliatum. The rhizospheric response of weed species to crude oil residues suggested that S. perfoliatum may be a potential weed species for the effective plant-microorganism bioremediation of contaminated soils by crude oil residues.     

Process of rice straw degradation and dynamic trend of pH by the microbial community MC1

The process of the rice straw degradation in the fermentor with aeration at 290 ml/h was studied. The results of dissolved oxygen （DO） indicated that the optimum DO during cellulose degradation by microbial community MC1 ranged from 0.01 to 0.12 mg/L. The change model ofpH values was as follows： irrespective of the initial pH of the medium, pH values decreased rapidly to approximate 6.0 after being inoculated within 48 h when cellulose was strongly degraded, and then increased slowly to 8.0--9.0 until cellulose was degraded completely. During the degradation process, 15 kinds of organic compounds were checked out by GC-MS. Most of them were organic acids. Quantity analysis was carried out, and the maximum content compound was ethyl acetate which reached 13.56 g/L on the day 4. The cellulose degradation quantity and ratio analyses showed that less quantity （under batch fermentation conditions） and longer interval （under semi-fermentation conditions） of rice straw added to fermentation system were contributed to matching the change model of pH, and increasing the quantity and ratio of rice straw degradation during cellulose degrading process. The highest degradation ratio was observed under the condition office straw added one time every five days （under semi-fermentation conditions）.