Control of petroleum-hydrocarbon contaminated groundwater by intrinsic and enhanced bioremediation

In the first phase of this study, the e ectiveness of intrinsic bioremediation on the containment of petroleum hydrocarbons was evaluated at a gasoline spill site. Evidences of the occurrence of intrinsic bioremediation within the BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) plume included (1) decreased BTEX concentrations; (2) depletion of dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate, and sulfate; (3) production of dissolved ferrous iron, methane, and CO2; (4) deceased pH and redox potential; and (5) increased methanogens, total heterotrophs, and total anaerobes, especially within the highly contaminated areas. In the second phase of this study, enhanced aerobic bioremediation process was applied at site to enhance the BTEX decay rates. Air was injected into the subsurface near the mid-plume area to biostimulate the naturally occurring microorganisms for BTEX biodegradation. Field results showed that enhanced bioremediation process caused the change of BTEX removal mechanisms from anaerobic biodegradation inside the plume to aerobic biodegradation. This variation could be confirmed by the following field observations inside the plume due to the enhanced aerobic bioremediation process: (1) increased in DO, CO2, redox potential, nitrate, and sulfate, (2) decreased in dissolved ferrous iron, sulfide, and methane, (3) increased total heterotrophs and decreased total anaerobes. Field results also showed that the percentage of total BTEX removal increased from 92% to 99%, and the calculated total BTEX first-order natural attenuation rates increased from 0.0092% to 0.0188% per day, respectively, after the application of enhanced bioremediation system from the spill area to the downgradient area (located approximately 300 m from the source area).     

β-环糊精强化微生物修复石油烃污染土壤的试验研究

石油烃污染物的生物可利用性是土壤微生物修复的限制因素,为了提高污染物的生物可利用性和降解效率,引入环境友好的β-环糊精作为污染物增溶剂,并与表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)作对比。结果表明,当β-环糊精的投加浓度为其在水中饱和溶解度的90%、SDS的投加浓度为其临界胶束浓度时,β-环糊精和SDS对土壤中石油烃污染物的增溶效果达到最大,分别为84.42%和89.63%。虽然两者都具有相近的增溶效果,但SDS具有一定的生物毒性,抑制了微生物的生长及其对石油烃污染物的降解,而β-环糊精可以促进微生物生长并有效提高微生物对污染物的去除效率。投加β-环糊精的微生物修复组在15 d内的降解率达到19.5%,比单独微生物修复组的降解率提高了70%以上。     

Emissions of C2 – C12 hydrocarbons in the Hsuehshan tunnel, Taiwan

The concentrations of 56 hydrocarbons from C2 to C12 were measured simultaneously in the southbound bore, the northbound bore and the exhaust air shafts of the Hsuehshan tunnel near Yilan, Taiwan for 12 days during 2007 and 2008. A total of 60 integrated air samples were collected using stainless steel canisters and analyzed using GC/FID and GC/MS. The five most abundant species in all samples were ethylene, acetylene, isopentane, propylene and toluene. The exit/entrance ratios of total non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) concentration were 7.8 and 4.8 for the southbound and northbound bores, respectively. Furthermore, the exhaust from the vertical shafts affects air quality in the neighborhood. The most abundant species of emission rate (ER) was toluene (21.93–42.89 mg/sec), followed by isopentane, ethylene, propylene and 1-butene, with ER ranging from 2.50 to 9.31 mg/sec. The species in the three exhaust air shafts showed that the reactivities of these emissions are similar to those of vehicle emissions. Notably, the control of emissions in the vertical shafts of the vehicle tunnel will be important in the future.     

Effects of humic acid on phytodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in soil simultaneously contaminated with heavy metals

Effects of humic acid on phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in soil simultaneously contaminated with heavy metals were evaluated.     

液化烃储罐区本质安全技术管理探讨

介绍了液化烃的特性及主要火灾爆炸伤害模型,分析了诱发火灾爆炸的原因,并从本质化安全技术角度,提出了前期管理无缺陷的主要对策措施。     

石油烃-镉污染土壤的生物修复研究

利用微生物菌剂和花卉植物在花盆中对不同浓度的石油烃和重金属镉的复合污染土壤进行了生物修复试验研究。结果表明:种植植物能提高石油烃的降解率,其中种植牵牛花优于紫茉莉;2个月后种植牵牛花的土壤石油烃降解率比对照提高13.0%以上,PAHs降解率提高22.0%以上;紫茉莉和牵牛花均能适应100mg/kg的镉浓度,牵牛花在土壤中镉浓度为100mg/kg时的富集效果是紫茉莉的6倍。     

未开发油气田地表烃氧化菌空间定量分布

利用Real-time PCR技术,分别对非油气田对照区域、未开发油田、未开发气田地表30、60、100、150、200 cm深度的甲烷氧化菌、C5～C16烃氧化菌进行定量研究,目的在于加深对该类型区域烃氧化菌空间分布特征的了解,为微生物油气勘探技术的发展提供基础资料.结果表明,气田区域甲烷氧化菌(pmoA)含量为1.34E+04～3.90E+05 copies.g-1,并随深度的加深逐渐减少;油田仅为3.14E+02～4.32E+03 copies.g-1.100～200 cm深度,油田C5～C16烃氧化菌(alkB)含量为1.38E+07～3.61E+07 copies.g-1,高于等深度对照(4.24E+06～2.14E+07 copies.g-1)和气田区域(5.82E+06～3.52E+07copies.g-1).甲烷氧化菌分布受全氮、有机碳、pH影响显著,相关系数分别为0.859、0.631、-0.549,而C5～C16烃氧化菌分布受环境因素影响相对较小.100～200 cm深度范围内,该区域全氮、有机碳、pH等理化因素相对稳定,烃氧化菌含量在不同深度间差异较小.因此,本研究表明,气田区域具有明显的甲烷氧化菌异常,油田在100 cm以下深度具有一定的C5～C16烃氧化菌异常;100～200 cm更适于作为统一取样深度进行大范围定量调查,但仍需要进一步的验证.     

铁活化过硫酸盐修复石油烃污染土壤的研究进展

分析了Fe~0、Fe~(2+)和Fe~(3+)活化过硫酸盐氧化石油烃的机理,介绍了土壤中石油烃污染物降解的影响因素以及总结了铁活化过硫酸盐修复石油烃污染土壤技术的不足。指出应以铁活化过硫酸盐原位修复作为土壤中高浓度有机污染物的前处置方法,再结合微生物或植物修复等技术,以减少对土壤理化性质的影响;另外,检测仪器的发展有利于土壤修复技术的应用。     

对油品仓储区大气中NMHC特征的监测分析

采用气相色谱-质谱联用方法对油品仓储区大气中的非甲烷总烃(NMHC)进行分类定量测定,通过对仓储区内不同点位NMHC浓度的差异和各自日变化规律进行分析,可以认为烷烃和烯烃有较高的浓度水平,其中烯烃含量最高。文章还对油品仓储区域大气中NMHC的排放特征进行了探讨。