三江平原小叶章湿地土壤硫的组成与垂直分布

以三江平原小叶章湿地为对象,对比研究了典型草甸小叶章湿地和沼泽化草甸小叶章湿地土壤硫的组成与垂直分布特征.结果表明,在2种小叶章湿地类型中,土壤总硫含量分别为303.39～520.83和303.74～1 219.81 mg·kg-1,平均值为391.62和513.03 mg·kg-1,均低于世界平均土壤硫含量(700 mg·kg-1).硫主要富集在土壤表层,且主要以有机硫形式存在,有机硫占总硫比例约为90%,而在有机硫中,则以碳键硫所占比例最大,占总硫比例分别为45.34%和37.24%.沼泽化草甸小叶章湿地土壤各形态硫含量及其变异性均高于典型草甸小叶章湿地.在2种湿地土壤中各形态硫都具有明显的垂直分布特征和变异性.土壤有机质含量是影响硫含量的重要因素,同时也受到土壤各粒级含量的影响,并且土壤各形态硫含量之间存在一定的相关关系.     

甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐的降解性研究

采用室内模拟试验方法,测定了甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐在水体中光解、水解及其在东北黑土、江西红壤和太湖水稻土3种不同类型土壤中的降解特性,结果发现:在光[照]度为2 370 lx、紫外辐[射]照度为13.5μW·cm-2的人工光源氙灯条件下,甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐较易光解,半衰期为1.73 h;25℃时甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐在pH 5.0、7.0条件下较难水解,推测其半衰期大于1a,而在pH 9.0条件下较易水解,半衰期为45.3 d,温度升高能加快其水解速率;甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐在江西红壤、太湖水稻土和东北黑土中的降解半衰期分别为16.3、91.2和41.5 d,其在土壤中的降解主要为微生物降解,降解速率与土壤有机质含量有关.     

小麦秸秆全量还田对土壤速效氮及水稻产量的影响

通过田间对比试验,研究了小麦秸秆全量还田后不同氮肥运筹模式下水稻产量及土壤氮素供应特征变化的差异.结果表明,总施氮量一致时,与秸秆不还田处理相比,小麦秸秆全量还田降低了后茬水稻生育前期(孕穗期之前)土壤速效氮(硝态氮和铵态氮)含量,而提高了生育后期(孕穗期之后)土壤速效氮含量,且同一生育期,秸秆还田氮肥优化运筹方案B[m(基蘖肥):m(穗肥)=6.5:3.5,m(基肥):m(分蘖肥)=8:2]较氮肥传统运筹方案A[m(基蘖肥):m(穗肥)=5:5,m(基肥):m(分蘖肥)=6:4]土壤速效氮含量高.秸秆全量还田促进水稻生育后期氮素吸收与生物量增加,而抑制前期增长,且同一生育期秸秆还田配套氮肥运筹方案B水稻氮素与生物量累积高于方案A.等量施氮条件下,小麦秸秆全量还田显著提高水稻产量,且氮肥运筹方案B增产幅度更大.施氮量为270 kg·hm-2时,秸秆还田配套氮肥运筹方案B和方案A分别较秸秆不还田处理水稻产量高9.3%和5.3%.秸秆全量还田主要通过增加水稻有效穗数实现增产,有效穗数分别较秸秆不还田处理高6.1%～14.5%.因此,小麦秸秆全量还田配套氮肥运筹方案B是实现水稻高产的有效措施.     

农用地土壤-作物系统对畜禽粪便养分消纳能力的评价

从土壤对养分消纳能力和作物养分需求角度出发,利用空间分析和地统计学方法,以北京市大兴区为例,进行了以地块为单元的农用地土壤-作物系统对畜禽粪便养分消纳能力评价.结果表明,大兴区农用地土壤-作物系统对畜禽粪便养分消纳能力整体一般,81.65%的农用地处于中下水平.除了因为大兴区的土壤保肥吸收能力整体不强外,还与大兴区的种植结构与种植面积有关,特别是高肥力的耕地与设施农业用地占地比例较小.     

深圳市城市绿地土壤中重金属的含量及化学形态分布

对深圳市中心区城市绿地表层土壤(0-20cm)中Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd的含量、化学形态分布和迁移性进行研究.结果表明,土壤中Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd的含量分别为6.4-188.2(26.3)mg·kg-1,34.9-284.8(69.1)mg·kg-1,15.2-245.5(47.2)mg·kg-1和0.01-3.48(0.47)mg·kg-1.道路绿化带土壤中Cu,Zn和Pb的平均含量最高,在公园绿地土壤中Cd的平均含量最高.分别有75.6%,87.0%,98.8%和98.8%的土壤中Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd的含量超过广东省赤红壤的背景值,重金属在土壤中呈现明显的富集特征.土壤中Cu,Zn和Cd以残渣态所占比例最高,Pb以铁锰氧化物结合态最高.随着土壤中Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd含量的增加其残渣态所占比例降低,铁锰氧化物结合态或交换态所占比例增加,重金属活性增大.土壤中Cd迁移能力最强,迁移能力依次为Cd>Zn>Pb和Cu.     

土壤,地下水中有机污染物的就地处置

有机化合物对土壤、地下水的污染已引起世界各国的普遍关注。地层介质中的有机物主要以自由态,挥发态、溶解态和固态４种形态存在。有机污染物的自然降解能力较差,如不进行人工清除,在自然环境中它们可能存留长达几埏年之久,对土壤、地下水资源构成长期的威胁。传统的开挖处理技术不仅费用昂贵,而且当贮赃物 地表被利用时则无法进行开挖处理（如有建筑物等）。近扯为,以地下冲洗法,土壤抽水法和地下水曝气法为代表的有机污染     

Electrokinetic removal of chromium and copper from contaminated soils by lactic acid enhancement in the catholyte

The electrokinetic removal of chromium and copper from contaminated soils by adding lactic acid in cathode chamber as an enhancing reagent was evaluated. Two sets of duplicate experiments with chromium contaminated kaolinite and with a silty soil sampled from a supeffund site in Califomia of USA and polluted by Cr and Cu, were carried out in a constant current mode. Changes of soil water content and soil pH before and after the electrokinetic experiments, and variations of voltage drop and electroosmosis flow during the treatments were examined. The results indicated that Cr, spiked as Cr(Ⅵ) in the kaolinite, was accumulated mainly in the anode chamber, and some of Cr and metal hydroxides precipitated in the soil sections in contact with the cathode, which significantly increased electrical energy consumption. Treatment of the soil collected from the site showed accumulation of large amounts of Cr and Cu in the anode chamber while none was detected in the cathode one. The results suggested that the two metals either complexed with the injected lactic acid at the cathode or existed as negatively charged complex, and electromigrated toward the anode under a voltage gradient.     

Bioavailability of bound residue derived from 14C-labeled chlorsulfuron in soil and its mechanism of phytotoxicity

The bioavailability of bound residue(BR) derived from ^14C-labeled chlorsulfuron in soil and effect of the main components of the BR on growth of rape( brassica napus) and rice( Oryza sativa L. ) were investigated. The results showed that the BR with the concentration of 0.28 and 0.56 nmol/g air-dried soil, which was calculated by special radioactivity of ^14C-labeled chlorsulfuron parent compound, resulted in significant depression effect on growth of rape seedling. It was assured that the main components(2-amino-4-methoxyl-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazine, 2-amino-4-hydroxyl-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazine, and 2-chloro-benzenesul-fonamide) of the BR did not inhibit the growth of rape and rice. LC-MS analysis demonstrated that the parent compound previously bound to the soil matrix could be again released and transformed into methanol-extractable residue during the course of rape growth. It was concluded that the molecular leading to the phytotoxicity to rape and rice in the BR is still the parent compound.     

Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on the water quality in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area during and after its construction

A survey concerning the concentration of the nutrients in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area was carried out. This paper presents the parameters(NO3^- -N, NO2^- -N, KjeldahI-N, non-ionic ammonia, P-PO4 and TP)determined at 16 sampling sites from 1997 to 1999. The dominant soluble nitrogen form was NO3^- -N followed by KjeldahI-N, NO2^- -N and non-ionic ammonia. Mean values of NO3^- -N, NO2^- -N, Kjeldahl-N and non-ionic ammonia ranged from 0.50 to 2.37 mg/L, 0.022 to 0.084 mg/L, 0.33 to 0.99 mg/L and 0.007 to 0.092 mg/L respectively.Mean values of P-PO4 at most sampling sites were higher than 0.1 mg/L for subject to eutrophication. The major factors influencing the concentrations of N and P might be agricultural runoff, municipal and industrial effluents. In addition, 6 kinds of soil were sampled at the area where would inundated after the dam completed. Two approaches were adopted to simulate the N and P release from the inundated soils. The results showed that the soils would release nitrogen and phosphorus to the overlying water when the soils were inundated. The characteristics of soil affected the equilibrium concentrations of N and P between the soil and the overlying water.     

Clomazone dissipation, adsorption and translocation in four paddy topsoils

IntroductionClomazone,(2 [(2 chlorophenyl)methyl ] 4 ,4 dimethyl 3 isoxazolidinone) ,isasoil appliedisoxazolidinoneherbicideproducedbyFMCCorp .Itisintroducedforannualgrassandbroad spectrumweedsinsoybeans(Rani,1998;Vyas,2 0 0 0 ) .Itisalsocurrentlyregis…