芘对土壤微生物氮转化功能菌群的影响特征

通过构建好氧降解微环境,分析环境浓度下的芘(12.09mg/kg)对土壤酶活性,氮转化全过程以及相关功能微生物的影响.结果发现,芘仅在降解第1d显著促进了脲酶活性,而在降解最初和后期均显著刺激了脱氢酶活性.从细菌群落结构分析可知,由于氨氧化菌(Nitrososphaeraceae)相对丰度的变化,导致花在处理前期对其介导的好氧氨氧化,硝化功能表现为促进作用,在后期表现为抑制作用,而对于固氮细菌(Bradyrhizobium,Mesorhizobium和Ensifer),尿素分解细菌(Roseomonas)以及硝酸盐还原细菌(Opitutus)则作用相反.与微生物群落结构以及相关功能预测的变化不同,功能基因定量分析表明,芘虽在培养初期对固氮基因nifH表现为抑制作用,但nifH的丰度呈增长趋势.结合土壤氨氧化和反硝化过程中关键酶活性及编码基因的变化,芘在培养前期未促进氨氧化过程,但在15d后明显抑制了土壤氨氧化和反硝化过程,其中对氨氧化过程的抑制作用更为显著.本研究阐明了芘对土壤微生物氮转化过程的影响特征,为了解芘的环境风险提供重要参考价值.     

人为干扰对小兴安岭森林湿地土壤碳组分和酶活性的影响

以小兴安岭落叶林沼泽湿地为研究对象,对比研究皆伐地、火烧地和落叶松湿地土壤碳组分和酶活性.结果表明:(1)3种湿地类型土壤SOC含量表现为对照地显著高于皆伐地和火烧地(p0.05),在0~10 cm土层中皆伐地与对照地相比降低了58.38%,火烧地与对照地相比降低了61.96%.皆伐地与火烧地在不同土层的土壤中SOC含量差异不显著(p0.05);DOC含量对照地显著高于皆伐地和火烧地(p0.05).在0~10cm土层中火烧地DOC含量是皆伐地的1.99倍,两者差异不显著(p0.05);不同干扰方式对土壤MBC含量影响的差异主要表现在0~10 cm的土层土壤,对照地分别比皆伐地和火烧地高23.13%和95.79%(p0.05).在不同的土层中皆伐地MBC含量均大于火烧地,与SOC含量的变化趋势一致.(2)与对照地相比,皆伐地与火烧地0~10 cm土层的土壤蔗糖酶活性分别降低了45.59%和36.76%,脲酶活性显著降低了18.22%和55.69%(p0.05),蛋白酶活性降低了19.65%和17.34%,淀粉酶活性降低了6.29%和10.69%.土壤碳组分和酶活性在垂直方向上均表现为随着土层深度增加而减小.皆伐和火烧造成森林湿地土壤碳组分和酶活性降低.     

不同粒径羟基磷灰石对污染土壤铜镉磷有效性和酶活性的影响

为研究不同粒径羟基磷灰石对重金属污染土壤的修复效果,采用向污染土壤添加常规磷灰石（150 μm）、微米（3 μm）和纳米（40 nm）羟基磷灰石的田间原位试验方法,考察其钝化修复5 a后对土壤铜镉磷有效性和酶活性的影响.结果表明:3种粒径羟基磷灰石均提高了土壤pH,降低了土壤交换性酸和交换性铝的含量,且微米羟基磷灰石处理效果最好.常规磷灰石、微米和纳米羟基磷灰石处理分别使w（离子交换态铜）降低了62.6%、74.3%和70.4%,w（离子交换态镉）降低了15.7%、25.3%和26.7%.3种材料均增加了土壤w（TP）,其中4.61%~17.4%和73.4%~89.8%分别转化为树脂磷和稳定态磷.微米羟基磷灰石处理分别使土壤脲酶活性和微生物量碳含量提高了4.66和0.66倍.研究显示,微米羟基磷灰石更有利于铜和镉由活性态向非活性态转化,增加土壤磷的有效性,提高土壤微生物活性,在我国南方重金属污染红壤区具有较好的应用潜力.      

Impacts of wastewater sludge amendments in restoring nitrogen cycle in p-nitrophenol contaminated soil

The possible impacts on nitrogen-cycle in a p-nitrophenol (PNP) polluted soil and the e ectiveness of wastewater sludge amendments in restoring nitrification potential and urease activity were evaluated by an incubation study. The results indicated that PNP at 250 mg/kg soil inhibited urease activity, nitrification potential, arginine ammonification rate and heterotrophic bacteria counts to some extents. After exposure to PNP, the nitrification potential of the tested soil was dramatically reduced to zero over a period of 30 days. Based on the findings, nitrification potential was postulated as a simple biochemical indicator for PNP pollution in soils. Nitrogen-cycling processes in soils responded positively to the applications of wastewater sludges. A sludge application rate of 200 tons/ha was su cient for successful biostimulation of these nitrogen processes. The microbial activities in sludge-amended, heavy PNP-polluted soils seemed to recover after 30–45 days, indicating the e ectiveness of sludge as a useful soil amendment.     

Community structure and elevational diversity patterns of soil Acidobacteria

Acidobacteria is one of the most dominant and abundant phyla in soil,and was believed to have a wide range of metabolic and genetic functions. Relatively little is known about its community structure and elevational diversity patterns. We selected four elevation gradients from 1000 to 2800 m with typical vegetation types of the northern slope of Shennongjia Mountain in central China. The vegetation types were evergreen broadleaved forest,deciduous broadleaved forest,coniferous forest and sub-alpine shrubs. We analyzed the soil acidobacterial community composition,elevational patterns and the relationship between Acidobacteria subdivisions and soil enzyme activities by using the 16 S rRNA meta-sequencing technique and multivariate statistical analysis. The result found that 19 known subdivisions as well as an unclassified phylotype were presented in these forest sites,and Subdivision 6 has the highest number of detectable operational taxonomic units(OTUs). A significant single peak distribution pattern(P 0.05) between the OTU number and the elevation was observed. The Jaccard and Bray–Curtis index analysis showed that the soil Acidobacteria compositional similarity significantly decreased(P 0.01) with the increase in elevation distance. Mantel test analysis showed the most of the soil Acidobacteria subdivisions had the significant relationship(P 0.01) with different soil enzymes. Therefore,soil Acidobacteria may be involved in different ecosystem functions in global elemental cycles. Partial Mantel tests and CCA analysis showed that soil pH,soil temperature and plant diversity may be the key factors in shaping the soil Acidobacterial community structure.     

石油污染对海水中细菌数量和酶活性的影响

在实验室条件下,研究了不同浓度(0,0.05 mg/L,0.15 mg/L,0.45 mg/L和1.35 mg/L)的石油,对海水中细菌数量和酶活性在短期(96 h)和较长期(28 d)内的影响,结果表明:(1)海水中的细菌数量随着石油污染时间和浓度的不同,表现出不同的变化特征。可培养异养菌数在96 h内,所有实验组均呈现先升高后下降的趋势,其后低浓度实验组保持缓慢上升至7 d后数值维持稳定,但最高浓度组(1.35 mg/L)海水中的异养细菌数在7 d后明显下降,之后逐渐上升。实验持续28 d时,各组间差别不显著(P0.05)。在培养24 h时,各实验组细菌总数有明显增长,且随石油浓度增加而升高,随后其变化没有明显规律,但培养7 d后,较低浓度组细菌总数一直高于对照组,而高浓度组(1.35 mg/L)细菌总数一直低于对照组。(2)石油污染对海水中细菌脱氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)具有诱导作用。细菌脱氢酶活性和SOD活性分别在培养72 h和24 h时显著升高,且随着石油浓度增加,其活性上升。经过长时间培养后,细菌酶活恢复正常,与对照组没有显著差别。     

中亚热带马尾松林凋落物分解过程中的微生物与酶活性动态

采用凋落物原位分解法,研究了中亚热带马尾松林中马尾松、槲栎凋落叶单独及混合(自然质量比8∶2)分解过程中的微生物数量与酶活性动态.结果表明:①3类凋落物的年分解常数K的大小为:混合凋落物(0.94)>槲栎凋落物(0.86)>马尾松凋落物(0.67);②3类凋落物真菌数量和微生物数量均在夏季(135 d时)达到最大值,而此时细菌和放线菌数量最低;③3类凋落物纤维素酶活性、酸性磷酸酶活性均与凋落物干重剩余率呈显著正相关(P<0.05),而马尾松与混合型凋落物中的多酚氧化酶活性同凋落物干重剩余率呈极显著负相关(P<0.01);④微生物数量和多酚氧化酶活性均总体表现为槲栎凋落物>混合凋落物>马尾松凋落物,酸性磷酸酶活性多表现为槲栎凋落物最低,与分解常数K排列有一定的差异,说明凋落物分解是微生物和多种酶共同作用的结果.整体研究表明,凋落物质量和季节气候的差异显著影响微生物群落及其调控的生态过程,与纯马尾松凋落叶相比,针阔混合使微生物数量和多酚氧化酶活性显著提高,这可能是导致分解加快的重要原因.     

曝气膜生物反应器运行过程中污泥活性特征变化及其对膜污染的影响

研究了曝气膜生物反应器运行过程中活性污泥主要活性特征变化及其对膜污染的影响.通过排出剩余污泥的办法维持活性污泥浓度在4000 mg·L-1左右,并连续运行75 d.运行期间,每日检测活性污泥的各项性质指标便于反映污泥特性的变化.结果表明,随着反应器运行时间的延长,污泥脱氢酶活性逐渐增加,其对反应器的运行有着两方面的作用,一方面会强化微生物对污染物的去除,但另一方面则导致了胞外聚合物的增加,并加速膜污染.而污泥表观产率则随着运行时间的延长先增加后有所减少,其粒径逐渐减小,且胞外聚合物呈现增加的趋势,总的出水水质情况逐渐提高,与此同时,反应器内原生动物及后生动物在运行前期较少,而在后期大量出现.膜污染分析结果表明运行后期膜污染速度明显加快,其原因在于:污泥粒径的减小以及胞外聚合物的增加导致细小颗粒及胞外聚合物堵塞或在膜表面沉积数量增加.     

黏土矿物原位修复镉污染稻田及其对土壤氮磷和酶活性的影响

分别以黏土矿物坡缕石和海泡石作为钝化材料,对重金属镉污染的酸性水稻土壤进行原位钝化修复田间示范试验,考察了两种黏土矿物在不同添加剂量下对稻谷产量、糙米镉含量及土壤中有效态镉含量等变化的影响,用以表征修复效果.同时,深入研究了两种黏土矿物对土壤pH、土壤水解氮、有效磷含量及相关酶活性的影响以表征其对土壤环境质量的影响,并对各项理化指标之间的相关性进行分析.结果表明,田间示范条件下两种黏土均提高了土壤pH,降低了土壤中镉的生物有效性,明显降低了糙米中镉含量.其中,经2.00 kg·m-2坡缕石和2.25 kg·m-2海泡石处理后,糙米镉含量最大降幅分别为54.6%和73.5%,分别降低至0.32和0.18 mg·kg-1.土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶及蔗糖酶的活性均得到不同程度的提高,表明经钝化修复后土壤中相关代谢反应得到恢复;两种黏土矿物对土壤中水解氮含量无明显影响,但降低了土壤有效磷含量.综合总体表现,两种黏土矿物可被推荐作为镉污染酸性稻田土壤的原位钝化修复材料.