造纸废水灌溉对滨海盐碱退化湿地土壤中微生物的影响

以滨海不同盐碱化程度土壤,即棉田土壤(CS,含盐量0.37%)、轻度盐化土(SS,含盐量0.4%)、中度盐化土(MSS,含盐量1.41%)及重度盐化土(SSS,含盐量2.50%)为对象,研究了造纸废水二级出水灌溉不同盐碱化土壤中微生物的数量、分布以及土壤含盐量的变化。结果表明,造纸废水灌溉能显著提高不同盐碱化程度土壤的细菌、真菌、放线菌数量和土壤呼吸强度,又能缩小不同盐碱化程度土壤中微生物数量的差距。土壤盐碱化程度越高,细菌所占比例越大。废水灌溉条件下,CS和SS土壤含盐量在变化不大,而MSS和SSS土壤含盐量呈现先下降而后缓慢上升的趋势,但没有显著性提高。     

连续流动分析法测定水中硫化物的显色剂配制方法研究

针对连续流动分析法测定水中硫化物方法中显色剂N,N-二甲基-1,4苯二胺二盐酸盐保质期短的问题,研究了不同体积比盐酸或硫酸介质对延长显色剂保质期的影响,确定了延长保质期的试剂配制方法,并对该方法的适用性进行了检验.结果显示,体积比10％硫酸介质的显色剂优于盐酸介质显色剂,可以存放一周.使用此显色剂进行硫化物分析检出限为0.003 mg/L,线性范围0.000 mg/L ～2.00 mg/L,平行测定相对偏差0.0％ ～11.8％,加标回收率82.0％～102％,可以满足环境样品分析需求.     

流动注射在线UV消解测定环境水体中的总氮研究

采用San++流动分析仪在线UV消解测定环境水体中的总氮,样品浓度在0.00~5.0 mg/L与峰高有良好的线性关系(r=0.999 6)。进行了标准样品考核和实际水样的流动注射法和国标方法的比对分析。实验结果表明:采用流动注射在线消解测定水中TN,其标样测定值均在保证值范围内,相对标准偏差小于3%;两种方法测定实际水样的结果无显著性差异且具有很好的一致性,加标回收实验的回收率在90.0%~97.7%之间,能满足地表水及排放废水中TN监测要求。     

硫素对氧化还原条件下水稻土氧化铁和砷形态影响

通过充N2和充O2的氧化还原反应装置,在添加外源砷污染的水稻土中,施用不同形态的无机硫(不施硫S0,单质硫S1和硫酸盐S2),模拟水稻田的氧化还原状况.结果表明,通N2时,土壤溶液氧化还原电位(Eh)在-100~-200 mV之间,溶液pH在7.0~8.0之间,pe+pH为4~7之间;通O2时,溶液Eh在200mV左右,溶液pH在6.5~7.5之间,pe+pH为9~12之间.无论通N2还是通O2,土壤溶出铁的浓度在1.2~1.6 mg·L-1,均有处理S0>S1>S2和AsS0>AsS1>AsS2.在通N2时,各处理HCl提取土壤氧化铁的含量比原土[(21.4±0.3)g·kg-1]低5 g·kg-1,有利于结晶态氧化铁向无定形氧化铁转化和形成Fe2+,无定形氧化铁活化度比原土活化度46.8%有所增加,且处理AsS2(49.4%)AsS2(36.1%).通N2时,土壤溶液中砷浓度变化为AsS0[(1.13±0.04)mg·L-1]>AsS1[(0.89±0.01)mg·L-1]>AsS2[(0.77±0.04)mg·L-1];通O2时,土壤溶液中砷浓度变化AsS1[(0.77±0.01)mg·L-1]>AsS0[(0.20±0.09)mg·L-1]>AsS2[(0.09±0.01)mg·L-1].通N2时,不同处理各形态砷占总砷比例变化为残渣态(34.9%~41.4%)≈专性吸附态(37.4%~39.5%)>晶态铁锰结合态(23.3%~25.6%)>非专性吸附态(2.4%~3.3%)>无定形铁锰结合态(0.5%~0.8%).通O2时,各处理形态砷占总砷比例变化为残渣态(30.8%~39.3%)≈专性吸附态(30.3%~34.7%)>晶态铁锰结合态(26.0%~28.7%)>无定形铁锰结合态(9.3%~10.7%)>非专性吸附态(0.5%~1.6%),其中,无定形铁锰氧化物结合态砷比通N2时提高了约9%,也就是无定形铁锰的老化作用对砷形态转化的影响.这表明还原条件能够使氧化铁的活化度升高,砷的移动性增强,但硫酸盐体系降低氧化铁的活化度,单质硫体系的砷移动性要大于硫酸盐体系的砷移动性.     

铅元素人为循环环境释放物形态分析

环境中铅污染物来自于物质人为循环的环境释放,铅释放物的形态差异意味着其在环境介质中迁移和转化的起始状态不同.确定铅元素人为循环环境释放物的形态,可以为环境风险评估和源头管理提供科学依据.本研究通过追踪铅元素人为循环流动过程,应用物理化学分析方法,辨识生命周期各阶段环境释放物中铅元素的形态,并以2010年为例,定量分析中国铅元素人为循环中环境释放物的形态分布特征.结果表明,2010年中国铅人为循环中环境释放物主要形态表现为PbSO4,约占总量的23.4%;其次是PbO、Pb和PbCO3,共占总释放量的46.2%.国内每消费1 kt精铅,将向环境释放547.9 t的铅,这些环境释放物中73.3%来源于产品使用阶段和废物处置与回收阶段;从形态看,PbSO4占释放物的量为128.2 t,主要来源于生产阶段和废物处置与回收阶段,PbO、Pb和PbCO3则分别主要来源于废物处置与回收、产品使用和生产几个阶段.     

苯系物污染土壤热解析实验研究

采用静态实验研究了苯系物(BTEX)污染土壤热解析的影响因素,确定了最优的热解析条件,然后通过动态实验,考察了热解析技术修复苯系物污染土壤的效果。结果表明:在加热温度为120℃、粒径水平≤2.0 mm以及加热时间为45min的条件下,污染土壤中总BTEX去除率达到97.3%,其中苯和甲苯的去除率在99%以上,乙苯、间对二甲苯和邻二甲苯的去除率在95.6%~97.2%,修复效果非常理想。     

污泥复配土种植观赏植物在垃圾填埋场封场中的应用

为了研究污泥复配土作为填埋场封场覆盖土对观赏类植被生长和土壤土质的影响,将60%含水率的脱水污泥与营养土等比例混合后作为填埋场封场覆盖层,在百亩范围内试种植矮生美人蕉和细叶芒草等观赏类植物,在8个月内监测其生长和土质变化情况。发现污泥复配土对观赏类植物有一定的胁迫作用,污泥复配土种植的矮生美人蕉植株尺寸不到纯营养土种植的2/3,但不影响其正常繁殖;污泥以一定比例掺杂能提高覆盖土的保水性能和力学性能,相比纯营养土,污泥复配土半年时间内失水减少50%,无侧限抗压强度无明显下降;细叶芒草的绿化美观效果虽不及矮生美人蕉,但枯萎缓慢,布绿时间较长;夏季高温对观赏类植物生长造成一定抑制,但不致命,冬季低温会造成致命冻害。     

Sources of nitrous and nitric oxides in paddy soils：Nitrification and denitrification

Rice-paddies are regarded as one of the main agricultural sources of N 2O and NO emissions. To date, however, specific N2O and NO production pathways are poorly understood in paddy soils. ^15N-tracing experiments were carded out to investigate the processes responsible for N2O and NO production in two paddy soils with substantially different soil properties. Laboratory incubation experiments were carried out under aerobic conditions at moisture contents corresponding to 60% of water holding capacity. The relative importance of nitrification and denitrification to the flux of NaO was quantified by periodically measuring and comparing the enrichments of the N2O, NH~-N and NO3-N pools. The results showed that both N2O and NO emission rates in an alkaline paddy soil with clayey texture were substantially higher than those in a neutral paddy soil with silty loamy texture. In accordance with most published results, the ammonium N pool was the main source of N2O emission across the soil profiles of the two paddy soils, being responsible for 59.7% to 97.7% of total N2O emissions. The NO3-N pool of N2O emission was relatively less important under the given aerobic conditions. The rates of N2O emission from nitrification （N2On） among different soil layers were significantly different, which could be attributed to both the differences in gross N nitrification rates and to the ratios of nitrified N emitted as NzO among soil layers. Furthermore, NO fluxes were positively correlated with the changes in gross nitrification rates and the ratios of NO/N2O in the two paddy soils were always greater than one （from 1.26 to 6.47）. We therefore deduce that, similar to N2O, nitrification was also the dominant source of NO in the tested paddy soils at water contents below 60% water holding capacity.     

Development of Future Generations： Oriented Virtual Negotiation Support System for Intergenerational Conflict

Intergenerational conflict coordination is the fundamental requirement and core of sustainable development. In this paper, through the analysis of the future generations-oriented management mechanisms for intergenerational conflict, the idea of mechanisms and institution building for the coordination and management of intergenerational conflict is put forward. Furthermore, the future generations-oriented virtual negotiation support system （NSS） for intergenerational conflict is developed, built on the analysis of the process simulation of intergenerational wealth transfer, intergenerational equilibrium allocation of resources, and strategies for the mitigation and avoidance of intergenerational conflict, through the application of advanced IT technology. The virtual NSS for intergenerational conflict is helpful to the practical application of the sustainable development theory; on the other hand, it can be applied directly to the intergenerational equilibrium allocation of resources, national economic accounting, formulation of sustainable development strategies and other urgent national economic and social development issues. Finally, the sustainable development theory can be enriched and extended. Therefore, the development of the future generations-oriented virtual NSS for intergenerational conflict has certain theoretical and practical effects on the theory of sustainable development.     

根据具体情况优化EPA8310中色谱分离条件

运用Agilent（安捷伦）1200系列高效液相色谱和多环芳烃专用柱ZORBAX Eclipse PAH（4.6×250mm、5μm,P.N.959990-918,S.N.USPAB01066）,对16种多环芳烃化合物混合溶液进行分析,根据具体实验条件优化EPA8310中色谱分离条件并得到了更节省时间、分离效率更好的流动相梯度变化程序。