锌对镉在河南华溪蟹鳃组织亚细胞中富集的影响

为了研究锌对镉在河南华溪蟹(Sinopotamon henanense)鳃中富集的影响,本文选择不同浓度镉锌联合处理14 d和28 d后,采用亚细胞分离法将鳃组织分为热稳定蛋白(HSP)、富含金属颗粒(MRG)、生物活性部分(BAM)和细胞碎片部分(CD),其中,热稳定蛋白(HSP)和富含金属颗粒(MRG)组成生物解毒部分(BDM),利用火焰原子吸收分光光度法(AAS)测定各个亚细胞组分中镉的含量.结果显示,BDM是镉富集的重要场所,镉在其中所占比例达到50%.其中,BDM包括热稳定蛋白(HSP)和富含金属颗粒组分(MRG).随着镉处理浓度的增加,锌对镉在HSP和MRG中的蓄积表现为先促后抑的作用.在BAM中,加锌促进镉的蓄积,且相较于高浓度锌(1000μg·L-1),低浓度锌(100μg·L-1)的促进作用更为显著.研究表明,锌对镉在河南华溪蟹鳃中的富集及分布有一定影响.     

活性氧和钙离子参与镉诱导的酵母细胞死亡过程调节

以酵母为实验材料,研究了镉(以CdCl2形式添加)对细胞的毒性作用机制.结果显示,浓度为0.25~5 mmol·L-1的镉可降低酵母细胞活性,诱导细胞死亡;随着镉浓度的提高和处理时间的延长,细胞死亡率增高.凋亡抑制剂Z-Asp-CH2-DCB与镉共同作用后,细胞死亡率明显低于镉单独处理组.经镉处理后,酵母细胞内的活性氧(ROS)水平显著升高;外源抗氧化剂抗坏血酸和过氧化氢酶能降低镉引发的细胞死亡,特异性Ca2+螯合剂EGTA或Ca2+通道特异性抑制剂LaCl3亦可明显降低镉诱发的细胞死亡率.研究表明,镉诱发的酵母细胞死亡过程存在依赖于caspase途径的细胞凋亡途径;镉诱发的死亡与镉处理组胞内ROS和Ca2+水平升高有关,ROS可能通过增加胞内Ca2+水平,继而激活相关下游信号导致细胞死亡.     

Immunotoxic effects of an industrial waste incineration site on groundwater in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The discharge of organic waste from the petrochemical industry into the Mercier lagoons caused major groundwater contamination. The objective of this study was to determine the immunotoxic potential of three groundwater wells at increasing distance from the incinerator dumping site （1.17, 2.74 and 5.40 km）. Rainbow Trout were exposed to increasing concentrations of water from three groundwater wells for 14 days. Immunocompetence was characterized by phagocytosis, mitogen-stimulated proliferation of lymphocytes, cell cycle analysis and apoptosis. A significant increase in innate （phagocytosis） and specific immune response （B lymphocyte proliferation） was observed in trout exposed to water collected from the well at 2.74 km. However, phagocytosis activity was suppressed in groups at 1.17 and 5.40 km. The proportion of lymphocytes in S phase was significantly increased in groups at 2.74 and 5.40 kin, while lymphocytes in G0/G1 phase were decreased in all three exposure groups. Additionally, dexamethasone （DEX）-induced apoptosis of lymphocytes was significantly reduced in the group at 2.74 km, which suggests decreased lymphocyte turnover. Furthermore, the ratio of DEX- induced apoptosis/apoptosis was lower in the groups at 2.74 and 5.40 km. In summary, our experiments have shown that exposure to the mixture of organic compounds present in Mercier groundwater modulates phagocytosis and cell proliferation, disrupts the cell cycle and reduces the ratio of DEX- induced apoptosis/apoptosis. It is concluded that groundwater collected in the vicinity of an incinerator containment field could impact immunocompetence in fish.     

Physiological cellular responses and adaptations of Rhodococcus erythropolis IBBPo1 to toxic organic solvents

A new Gram-positive bacterium, Rhodococcus erythropolis IBBPo1（KF059972.1） was isolated from a crude oil-contaminated soil sample by enrichment culture method. R. erythropolis IBBPo1 was able to tolerate a wide range of toxic compounds, such as antibiotics（800–1000 μg/mL）,synthetic surfactants（50–200 μg/mL）, and organic solvents（40%–100%）. R. erythropolis IBBPo1 showed good tolerance to both alkanes（cyclohexane, n-hexane, n-decane） and aromatics（toluene, styrene, ethylbenzene） with logPOW（logarithm of the partition coefficient of the solvent in octanol–water mixture） values between 2.64 and 5.98. However, alkanes were less toxic for R. erythropolis IBBPo1 cells, compared with aromatics. The high organic solvent tolerance of R. erythropolis IBBPo1 could be due to the presence in their large genome of some catabolic（alkB, alkB1, todC1, todM, xylM）, transporter（HAE1） and trehalose-6-phosphate synthase（otsA1, KF059973.1） genes. Numerous and complex physiological cellular responses and adaptations involved in organic solvent tolerance were revealed in R. erythropolis IBBPo1 cells exposed 1 and 24 hr to 1% organic solvents. R. erythropolis IBBPo1 cells adapt to 1% organic solvents by changing surface hydrophobicity, morphology and their metabolic fingerprinting.Considerable modifications in otsA1 gene sequence were also observed in cells exposed to organic solvents（except ethylbenzene）.     

Seasonal dynamics of water bloom-forming Microcystis morphospecies and the associated extracellular microcystin concentrations in large, shallow, eutrophic Dianchi Lake

The increasing occurrence of Microcystis blooms is of great concern to public health and ecosystem due to the potential hepatotoxic microcystins （MCs） produced by these colonial cyanobacteria. In order to interpret the relationships between variations of Microcyst/s morphospedes and extracellular MC concentrations, the seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton community composition, MC concentrations, and environmental parameters were monitored monthly from August, 2009 to July, 2010. The results indicated that Microcystis dominated total phytoplankton abundance from May to December （96%--99% of total biovolume）, with toxic Microcystis viridis and non-toxic Microcystis wesenbergii dominating after July （constituting 65%- 95% of the Microcystis population）, followed by M. viridis as the sole dominant species from November to January （49%--93%）. Correlation analysis revealed that water temperature and nutrient were the most important variables accounting for the occurrence ofM. wesenbergii, while the dominance ofM. viridis was related with nitrite and nitrate. The relatively low content of MCs was explained by the association with a large proportion of M. viriclis and M. wesenbergii, small colony size of Microcystis populations, and low water temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen. The extracellular MC （mean of 0.5 ± 0.2 μg/L） of water samples analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） demonstrated the low concentrations of MC in Dianchi Lake which implied the low potential risk for human health in the basin. The survey provides the first whole lake study of the occurrence and seasonal variability of Microcyst/s population and     

短时光照对微囊藻细胞比重与胞内糖含量的影响

为深入探索微囊藻细胞内糖及比重在短时间内的变化规律以及对光照强度的响应情况,开展了纯培养实验。在温度25~26℃,光照强度0、1 000、3 000、5 000和10 000 lx条件下培养5 h。结果表明,微囊藻细胞内糖含量和比重随光照时间的变化规律均呈现显著的线性特征,在暗光条件下糖含量和比重随光照时间线性减少,在其余光照强度下随时间线性增加;且两者对光照强度均呈现正响应,即光照强度越大,糖含量和微囊藻细胞比重的增加速率也越大。糖含量和比重之间相关性显著,相关系数均在0.78以上。通过对糖含量和细胞比重的变化同步性和相关性分析,验证了在短时光照条件下胞内糖对细胞比重的调节作用。     

铅锌尾矿污染区3种菊科植物体内重金属的亚细胞分布和化学形态特征

通过实地调查分析广西阳朔某铅锌尾矿污染农田自然生长的3种常见菊科植物野艾蒿、胜红蓟和野茼蒿体内的重金属含量,并采用差速离心与化学试剂提取法分析重金属在植物中的亚细胞分布及其存在的化学形态,探究菊科植物对重金属的积累、耐性特征和机制.结果表明,污染区土壤受Cd、Pb、Zn这3种重金属污染严重,其含量分别比国家土壤环境二级标准(GB 15618-1995)超标37.7、5.7和8.9倍,植物体内Cd、Pb和Zn含量都超过正常范围.野茼蒿和胜红蓟对Cd具有较强的迁移能力和富集能力,适用于Cd污染土壤的生态修复.此外,野茼蒿的茎和叶中Cd的含量分别为159.6 mg·kg~(-1)和219.5mg·kg~(-1),超过Cd超富集植物的临界标准,可见野茼蒿完全具有Cd超富集植物的基本特征,是Cd超富集植物.3种菊科植物地下部和地上部的Cd、Pb和Zn主要分布在液泡可溶组分和细胞壁中,而在细胞器中的分布较少.植株中大部分的重金属以迁移性较低的氯化钠提取态、醋酸提取态和盐酸提取态存在.因此,液泡区隔化、细胞壁固持和重金属以低活性的化学形态为主可能是3种菊科植物应对重金属胁迫的重要耐性机制.与野艾蒿相比,胜红蓟和野茼蒿茎叶中的Cd更多地贮存在液泡中,且地上部"活性态"Cd的积累比例低于根系,这些很可能是胜红蓟和野茼蒿忍耐和富集镉的重要途径.     

Oxidative stress and apoptosis of Carassius auratus lymphocytes induced by nonplanar （PCB153） and coplanar （PCB169） polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in vitro

Among all the 209 kinds of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners, nonplanar and coplanar PCB congeners have di erent levels of toxicity on mammal cells such as neuronal cells, but little is known about their toxicity on fish cells although PCB congeners usually have high bioaccumulation abilities in the detected fish bodies. This study showed that 2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-hexacholorbiphenyl (PCB153, nonplanar congener) and 3,3’,4,4’,5,5’-hexacholorbiphenyl (PCB169, coplanar congener) caused apoptosis on the isolated crucian carp (Carassius auratus) lymphocytes and the induced cytotoxicity was structure-dependent. According to the laser confocal microscope observations, apoptosis was clearly distinguished by condensation of nucleus, shrinkage and formation of apoptotic bodies. DNA fragmentation was detected by agarose gel electrophoresis. These typical morphological and biochemical characteristics indicate the occurrence of apoptosis on fish lymphocytes. According to the flow cytometry analysis, after the cells were exposed to 10 mol/L PCBs for 3 h, the apoptotic percentage induced by PCB153 was 23.41%, while that induced by PCB169 was even higher (31.03%). Furthermore, incubating PCBs with fish lymphocytes enhanced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), clearly indicating the presence of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Our data also demonstrate that the di erent cytotoxic e ects induced by coplanar and nonplanar PCBs were correlated with their structural characteristics and the coplanar congener was more cytotoxic than nonplanar congener. This study suggests that cytotoxicity mechanisms of the PCB congeners on fish lymphocytes depend on their planarity and chemical structures.     

活细胞固定化技术在焦化废水生物处理中的应用试验

焦化废水所含污染物包括酚类、多环芳香族化合物及舍氮、氧、硫的杂环化合物等,是一种典型的舍有难降解的有机化合物的工业废水。实验通过活性污泥的驯化,从中分离筛选到2株酚类有机物降解优势菌株,分别命名为TYZ-1和TYZ-2。将放大培养后的优势菌种用海藻酸钠包埋法固定,利用固定化的微生物初步研究了焦化废水有机物的降解特性。结果发现,当废水起始COD质量浓度为1200mg/L时,在pH值为7,细菌浓度约为1×10^7个／mL,处理时间为10h．原水样中的COD降解率达到62％。     

固定化细胞技术在废水处理中的应用

介绍了固定化细胞的制备方法、载体特性、反应特性,探讨了固定化细胞技术在废水处理中的应用现状及其发展方向。