生物表面活性剂产生菌的筛选及培养条件优化

采用富集培养、蓝色凝胶平板筛选和发酵液排油活性测定的方法,从沈阳蜡化厂活性污泥中分离筛选到一株产表面活性剂菌株,并通过摇瓶发酵实验对该菌株产表面活性剂的培养条件进行了优化.结果表明:该菌株产表面活性剂的最佳碳源为废油,氮源为尿素,初始pH值为7.0,接种量为5％,培养温度为35℃,培养72 h后发酵液排油圈直径可达6....     

徐滨士 一辈子致力“表面”文章

他几乎与国际同行同步提出建立表面工程科学,带领中国的技术研发走在世界前列。他在中国首倡再制造工程,并赋予其鲜明的中国特色。……他心无旁骛,年复一年地潜心钻研,至今已近60年,并且还在继续努力着。     

不同组分鼠李糖脂的胶束性质及其对三氯生的增溶作用

测定了铜绿假单胞杆菌诱变株MIG-N146产鼠李糖脂粗提物（RL-CE）及经柱层析分离纯化得到的单糖脂（RL-F1）和双糖脂（RL-F2）的表面性能及胶束性质,并通过溶解平衡实验考察了这3种组分对极性疏水物质三氯生的增溶作用.结果表明,RL-CE、RL-F1、RL-F2的临界胶束浓度CMC值分别为60.31、43.82...     

Solubilization and degradation of perchloroethylene （PCE） in cationic and nonionic surfactant solutions

Solubilization of perchloroethylene (PCE) in a nonionic (Triton X-100) and a cationic (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)) surfactant solutions and the degradation of surfactant solubilized PCE using fine to nanosize Fe and bi-metallic Fe-Ni particles were investigated. Micelle partition coefficients (Km) and molar solubility ratio (MSR) for PCE in 10 g/L of surfactant solutions have been quantified and the solubility of PCE (100 mg/L in water) in the surfactant solutions increased by about ten fold. Of the two surfactants studied, Triton X-100 solubilized the higher amount of PCE per gram of surfactant. To degrade solubilized PCE, both iron and bimetallic Fe-Ni particles were used in continuously stirred batch reactors. The iron and bi-metallic particles were synthesized using the solution method and the particles were characterized using the SEM, EDS, TEM and XRD. The PCE solubilized up to 500 mg/L in both surfactant solutions were totally degraded at various rates by 200 g/L of bi-metallic Fe-Ni particles in less than 20 hr, which is the highest concentration of PCE degraded in the shortest time compared to data in the literature. The degradations of PCE solubilized in surfactant solutions were represented by nonlinear kinetic relationships which depended on the type of surfactant used for solubilizing the PCE.     

A model and experimental study of phosphate uptake kinetics in algae: Considering surface adsorption and P-stress

Phosphorus is an important limiting nutrient in many ecosystems. Consequently, there is increasing interest on phosphate uptake and algal growth due to the increasing frequency and magnitude of algal blooms induced by eutrophication. The co-existence of surface adsorbed and intracellular phosphorus pools indicate that phosphate uptake by phytoplankton is, to some extent, a two-stage kinetic process. However, almost all previous uptake models considered the internal uptake stage only and ignored the possible impact of surface adsoption. In this article, a two-stage kinetic uptake model considering both surface adsorption and P-stress on phosphate uptake by algae was constructed and compared to conventional one-stage models, based on experimental data on short-term uptake kinetics of a green algae S. quadricauda. Results indicated that with suitable parameters, the two-stage uptake model not only fit the experimental data better, but also gave more reasonable and realistic explanations to the phosphate uptake process. The results are meaningful as surface-adsorption of phosphate may a ect the uptake process of phosphate and assist in understanding realistic phosphate uptake kinetics in phytoplankton.     

Effects of spatial resolution of remotely sensed data on estimating urban impervious surfaces

Impervious surfaces are the result of urbanization that can be explicitly quantified, managed and controlled at each stage of land development. It is a very useful environmental indicator that can be used to measure the impacts of urbanization on surface runoff, water quality, air quality, biodiversity and microclimate. Therefore, accurate estimation of impervious surfaces is critical for urban environmental monitoring, land management, decision-making and urban planning. Many approaches have been developed to estimate surface imperviousness, using remotely sensed data with various spatial resolutions. However, few studies, have investigated the effects of spatial resolution on estimating surface imperviousness. We compare medium-resolution Landsat data with high-resolution SPOT images to quantify the imperviousness in Beijing, China. The results indicated that the overall 91% accuracy of estimates of imperviousness based on TM data was considerably higher than the 81% accuracy of the SPOT data. The higher resolution SPOT data did not always predict the imperviousness of the land better than the TM data. At the whole city level, the TM data better predicts the percentage cover of impervious surfaces. At the sub-city level, however, the ring belts from the central core to the urban-rural peripheral, the SPOT data may better predict the imperviousness. These results highlighted the need to combine multiple resolution data to quantify the percentage of imperviousness, as higher resolution data do not necessarily lead to more accurate estimates. The methodology and results in this study can be utilized to identify the most suitable remote sensing data to quickly and efficiently extract the pattern of the impervious land, which could provide the base for further study on many related urban environmental problems.     

良好的作业条件是实现矿山本质安全的基础

矿山井下开采是一种工作环境特殊的职业.长期以来,多数矿山的现场作业条件较差,井下工作面场地狭窄,地质条件复杂,水、火、尘、顶板、有毒有害气体等灾害时刻威胁着矿工的人身安全.即使在矿山地表,也多是条件简陋,投入不足.长时间工作或生活在这样的环境中,不仅会对矿工、家属的身体健康造成伤害,而且还会对矿工的心理健康产生不良影响.长期以来人们对良好的作业条件存在片面的认识,不少人简单地认为,良好的作业条件就是生产机具、设备安全性能以及生产场所周围环境等.在生产管理中更是不重视良好的作业条件,只关注一些表面现象.……     

阴-非混合表面活性剂对DNAPLs的增溶作用

表面活性剂增溶修复是一种有效的土壤有机污染修复技术.采用静态平衡法比较研究了单一的阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和非离子表面活性剂聚氧乙烯失水山梨脂肪酸酯醇醚(TWSO)及其混合表面活性剂对3种氯代烃化合物氯苯(CB)、1,2-二氯苯(1,2-DCB)和三氯乙烯(TCE)的增溶作用.考察了无机盐离子Na 、M2 和Ca2 对增溶作用的影响,以期为土壤和地下水重非水相液体(DNAPLs)污染提供新的修复途径.结果表明,阴-非混合表面活性剂TW80-SDS对3种化合物的增溶效果明显强于单一的阴离子表面活性剂SDS,混合表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度(CMC)随着非离子表面活性剂质量分数的增加而降低,其增溶能力随着非离子表面活性剂质量分数的增加而增加,对污染物的增溶程度排序为:三氯乙烯＞氯苯＞1,2-二氯苯.表面活性剂在临界胶束浓度以上,对有机物的分配系数Kmc与有机物的辛醇-水分配系数Kow相当,而增溶比与有机物的水溶解度呈正相关,与Kow、kow、溶质的摩尔体积和表面活性剂的亲水-亲油平衡值HLB呈负相关.Na 、Mg2 和Ca2 能增大氯苯在表面活性剂中的表观溶解度,阴非离子表面活性剂SDS与TW80混合后能提高表面活性剂的抗硬水能力,提高增溶效率.     

水成膜泡沫灭火剂标准GB 17427-1998的研究

结合作者对水成膜泡沫灭火剂(AFFF)的研究结果,讨论了AFFF国家标准GB 17427-1998的一些值得商榷之处.对GB 17427-1998中的AFFF定义、"扩散系数"和“扩散能力"、老化试验、pH值与泡沫水溶液的腐蚀性以及表面张力和界面张力的测定等进行了详细讨论,并提出了相应的修改建议.建议修改 AFFF的定义、"扩散系数"和"扩散能力"等术语.将铺展系数的测定改为测定能迅速铺展的泡沫水溶液在油面的铺展量.建议修改老化试验及泡沫水溶液腐蚀性的判断标准,用更准确的方法测定泡沫液的表面张力和油水界面张力.希望本文的一些讨论能对我国AFFF标准的进一步完善有所帮助.     

pH值对活性污泥胞外聚合物分子结构和表面特征影响研究

为明确胞外聚合物（extracellular polymeric substances,EPS）对污水污泥性质的影响机制,通过改变pH值,考察了市政废水和饮料废水2种活性污泥胞外聚合物组分变化,采用红外光谱对比分析了pH值对EPS分子结构的影响,并通过胶体滴定测定其表面电荷,最终结合活性污泥提取EPS前后扫描电子显微镜观察,从宏观上佐证了表面特性和分子结构分析.结果表明,强酸条件下（pH 3）,可提取EPS比中性条件下时下降50%,其中多糖下降约30%,蛋白质下降约65%～70%;在强碱条件下（pH 11）,可提取EPS比pH 7时升高20%～30%,其中多糖升高约15%,蛋白质升高20%～50%.红外光谱分析表明,羟基在强酸强碱条件下均发生了变化,羧酸、多聚糖、酚类和蛋白质肽键在强酸条件下（pH 3）消失;胶体滴定结果表明,2种污泥提取EPS表面负电荷随pH上升而下降;扫描电镜分析表明,相对于碱性条件下,酸性条件使活性污泥中微生物细胞更易于破碎.pH值可改变活性污泥EPS组分、浓度以及其中基团组成,从而改变EPS表面特性,最终导致污泥状态改变.