鼠李糖脂及其产生菌对原油生物降解影响研究

考察了外加鼠李糖脂生物表面活性剂和接种鼠李糖脂产生菌O-2-2对混合烃类降解菌降解原油的影响。结果表明,在降解体系中添加鼠李糖脂使原油20天的降解率由35.7%提高到57.6%。加入鼠李糖脂可同时提高烷烃和芳烃的降解率。在降解体系中接入菌株O-2-2能够快速利用石油烃中的烷烃类化合物并合成鼠李糖脂类生物表面活性剂,从而有效提高总石油烃的降解率。体系中菌株O-2-2的接入虽然使饱和烃的降解率大大提高,却降低了芳烃的降解率;这说明菌株O-2-2和其它烃类降解菌之间可能存在竞争生长关系。     

未经处理或仅简单处理生活污水中阴离子表面活性剂浓度测定方法研究

采用碱性亚甲蓝萃取去除蛋白质、硫化物等干扰,然后经酸性亚甲蓝萃取法分析未经处理或仅简单处理生活污水中的阴离子表面活性剂浓度。结果表明：该方法能得到满意的分析结果。     

添加剂和湿法除尘主要参数对炭黑去除效率的影响

选取十六烷基三甲基溴化胺(CTAB)、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、月桂醇聚氧乙烯(9)醚(AEO-9)和壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(OP-10)4种表面活性剂配制成吸收液,采用伞形罩洗涤器对燃煤窑炉黑烟进行湿法除尘净化实验,探讨添加剂种类、入口含尘浓度(Cin)、入口风速(u)和液气比(L/G)参数的不同对炭黑(BC)去除效率(η)的影响,结合压降(ΔP,Pa)的变化提出高效脱黑的可行方案.结果表明,在实验条件同为Cin=2g·m-3、u=12m·s-1和L/G=0.2L·m-3条件下,4种吸收液脱黑效果差别不大,AEO-9吸收液具有略明显的优势,炭黑去除效率可达到99.5%(0.06mmol·L-1,AEO-9);在u=12m·s-1和L/G=0.2L·m-3条件下,Cin=5g·m-3时更利于洗涤器对黑烟的净化,AEO-9吸收液的炭黑去除效率近乎100%,ΔP变化不大;入口风速的变化对炭黑去除效率和压降的影响比较明显,当Cin和L/G分别为2g·m-3、0.2L·m-3时,最佳入口风速为12～14m·s-1,炭黑去除效率保持在99%以上;最佳操作液气比可控制在0.2～0.4L·m-3.     

Particle properties in granular activated carbon filter during drinking water treatment

The elemental composition and bacteria attached in particles were investigated during granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration.The experimental results showed that trapped influent particles could form new,larger particles on GAC surface.The sloughing of individuals off GAC surface caused an increase in effluent particles in the size range from 5 to 25 μm.The selectivity for element removal in GAC filters caused an increasing proportion of metallic elements in the effluent particles.The distribution of molar ratio indicated a complicated composition for large particles,involving organic and inorganic substances.The organic proportion accounted for 40% of total carbon attached to the particles.Compared with dissolved carbon,there was potential for the formation of trihalomethanes by organic carbon attached to particles,especially for those with size larger than 10 μm.The pure carbon energy spectrum was found only in the GAC effluent and the size distribution of carbon fines was mainly above 10 μm.The larger carbon fines provided more space for bacterial colonization and stronger protection for attached bacteria against disinfection.The residual attached bacteria after chorine disinfection was increased to 10 2-10 3 CFU/mL within 24 hours at 25°C.     

Characteristics of contaminants in water and sediment of a constructed wetland treating piggery wastewater e uent

Constructed wetland (CW) is the preferred means of controlling water quality because of its natural treatment mechanisms and function as a secondary or tertiary treatment unit. CW is increasingly applied in Korea for secondary e uent of livestock wastewater treatment. This study was conducted to recognize the characteristics of contaminants in the accumulated sediment at the bottom soil layer and to reduce the phosphorus release from sediments of the free water surface CW for the treatment of secondary piggery wastewater e uent from a livestock wastewater treatment facility. The results revealed that the dominant phosphorus existence types at near the inlet of the CW were non-apatite phosphorus (59%) and residual phosphorus (32%) suggesting that most of the particles of the influent are made up of inorganic materials and dead cells. Sediment accumulation is important when determining the long-term maintenance requirements over the lifetime of CW. Continuous monitoring will be performed for a further assessment of the CW system and design.     

石油污染土壤微生物联合修复技术研究进展

微生物联合修复技术处理成本低、环境影响小、无二次污染,且较微生物修复或植物修复效率更高,耗时更短,成为当前的研究热点。文章介绍了植物-微生物联合修复、电动-微生物联合修复、氧化-微生物联合修复和表面活性剂强化微生物修复四种联合修复技术,简要阐述了修复机理、适用范围和工艺参数,为生物修复技术的选择提供了参考,并对以后生物修复的研究重点进行了展望。     

一株稠油降解菌的筛选及其产物乳化性能研究

稠油亦称重质原油,稠油中胶质和沥青质等大分子组分含量较高.通过以稠油为唯一碳源的摇瓶发酵和稠油平板实验,从辽河油田油水样中筛选获得一株稠油降解菌AD.对菌株AD发酵所产表面活性剂的CMC值、乳化活性、稠油降黏作用等进行了测定.结果表明,菌株AD产表面活性剂对原油具有较强的乳化、降黏作用,可耐高温和高浓度盐,适用于油藏微碱性环境,稠油降黏率最高可达81.7％,与曙光油田的地层水有较好的配伍性.     

利用水表面粘附效应净化空气方法研究

常温下小直径的水珠表面水分子趋向于向空气中蒸发,而水平面则蒸发速率较低,对与其表面接触的空气中物质具有表面粘附效应。研究了水表面对空气中几种主要有害物质的粘附与沉降到水中的净化作用。建立了一个产生大面积水表面的装置,实验结果表明,该装置能够高效的将空气中的甲醛、氨气和PM2.5颗粒等有害物质攫取和沉降到水中,去除率均能达到90%以上。此净化方法不仅具有简单、成本低、空气净化效果好的特点,而且沉降到水中的有害物质容易作为废水进行无害化利用。     

搅拌槽液相吸附过程的数学模拟研究——粒内表面扩散控制

分别利用Langmuir、Freundlich和Fritz－Schlunder三种等温吸附平衡关系,对粒内表面扩散控制时的搅拌槽液相吸附动力学过程进行数学模拟研究,同时指出日本《化学工学便览》第四版和第五版中关于求取粒内表面扩散系数部分内容所存在的问题。若按上述《便览》中的公式或图去求粒内有效表面扩散系数Ds,则其平均误差将可能达到340％左右,这是因为铃木基之和河添帮太朗等人在利用“单点拟合法”确定有效表面扩散系数Ds时,错误地将无因次吸附时间等于1.0视为吸附平衡时间所致。文中还对《便览》中存在的上述问题提出了相应的修正意见     

水中阴离子表面活性剂的测定

偶氮红两相滴定法在ｐＨ＝７．５的条件下,能测定水和废水中的各种阴离子表面活性剂的摩尔浓度。本文通过对硫酸盐、磺酸盐、苯磺酸盐、肥皂和磷酸盐等各类阴离子表面活性剂的测定,以及干扰试验和实际水样测定,表明此法优于亚甲基蓝分光光度法。方法的变异系数为１．０％（ｎ＝１１）,最小检出浓度０．０５２ｍｇ／Ｌ（ｎ＝２１）,加标回收率９２．１％－１１０．２％,平均１００．６％（ｎ＝１４）。建议水中阴离子表面活性剂