无水氢氟酸生产过程的危险有害因素分析

无水氢氟酸是一种具有极强腐蚀性的酸.它的物理特性是液态温度范围宽,电导率高,极性大,沸点、凝固点、粘度及表面张力低,化学特性是碳氟链牢固且具有活泼的化学活性,几乎能与所有各种有机的或无机的化合物结合.氟化工作为我国目前新兴的精细化工行业,无水氢氟酸可广泛应用于工业、民用及国防军工工业.如广泛应用的氟塑料,氟橡胶、氟制冷剂、含氟涂料、含氟表面活性剂以及含氟医药制品等.     

羧甲基纤维素抑尘剂的制备及其应用研究

以羧甲基纤维素、丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯为原料,用溶液聚合法制备出一种环保软膜抑尘剂.探讨了添加甘油、辛癸基葡糖苷对抑尘剂吸水性能、润湿性能的变化以及m(甘油):m(辛癸基葡糖苷)以不同配比加入抑尘剂后对粉尘含水率的影响.经傅里叶红外光谱、X-射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜对制备的产物进行结构表征和形貌的分析.对抑尘剂的性能:耐风蚀性、温度适应性进行了测试.结果表明:当m(甘油):m(辛癸基葡糖苷)为2:3,室温时粉尘含水率达15.8%、50℃粉尘含水率仍可达11.7%;经3 h(15 m/s)风速吹扫,粉尘损失率仅为2.3%.     

低表面能涂层材料降低海洋生物污损的研究

用浸没法和微量量热法测量了聚四氟乙烯和有机硅氧烷涂层等材料上水的润湿性,计算出涂层表面能色散分量和极性分量,考察这些材料在青岛、厦门海域中的防污性,得出表面能低的色散分量可以延迟藤壶的附着发育过程;有机硅氧烷表面与水高的相互作用力,使表面吸斥盐分,形成淡水液膜,减小了海藻和玻璃海鞘的附着。     

Performances of biological aerated filter employing hollow fiber membrane segments of surface-improved poly （sulfone） as biofilm carriers

Using the surface of poly （sulfone） hollow fiber membrane segments as grafted layer, the hydrophilic acrylamide chain was grafted on by UV-photoinduced grafting polymerization. The gained improvement of surface wettability for the modified membrane was tested by measuring the contact-angle as well as FTIR spectra. Then correlation between the hydrophilic ability of support material and the biofilm adherence ability was demonstrated by comparing the pollutant removal rates from urban wastewater via two identical lab-scale up-flow biological aerated filters, one employed the surface wettability modified poly （sulfone） hollow fiber membrane segment as biofilm carder and the other employed unmodified membrane segment as biofilm carder. The experimental results showed that under the conditions of influent flux 5 L/h, hydraulic retention time 9 h and gas to liquid ratio （G/L） 10： 1, the removal rates of chemical oxygen demand （COD） and ammonium nitrogen （NH4^＋-N） for the modified packing filter and the unmodified packing filter was averaged at 83.64% and 96.25%, respectively, with the former filter being 5%-20% more than the latter. The effluent concentration of COD, NH4^＋-N and turbidity for the modified packing filter was 25.25 mg/L, 2 mg/L and 8 NTU, respectively. Moreover, the ammonium nitrogen removal performance of the filter packing the modified PSF was compared with the other bioreactor packing of an efficient floating medium. The biomass test indicated that the modified membrane matrixes provided better specific adhesion （3310-5653 mg TSS/L support）, which gave a mean of 1000 mg TSS/L more than the unmodified membrane did. In addition, the phenomenon of simultaneous denitrification on the inner surface of the support and nitrification on the outer surface was found in this work.     

酸化超滤法和螯合超滤法回收再利用SDS胶团

以含Cd²⁺的浓缩废液为对象,考察了不同的酸化剂、螯合剂、pH值、操作模式对Cd²⁺的分离、SDS胶团的回收和再利用效果的影响.结果表明,酸化超滤法最适宜的回收条件为:硫酸作为酸化剂,pH值为1.0,间歇式操作,此条件下,浓缩废液中Cd²⁺分离率和SDS胶团回收率分别为98.0%和58.1%,回收的SDS胶团再次应用到MEUF中处理含Cd²⁺废水,Cd²⁺去除率仍有80.2%;螯合超滤法最适宜的回收条件为:EDTA作为螯合剂,不控制pH值(pH=4.4),间歇式操作,此条件下,Cd²⁺分离率和SDS胶团回收率分别为90.1%和60.5%,再次应用到MEUF中处理含Cd²⁺废水,Cd²⁺去除率达到79.4%.     

苯酚、苯在水／阴离子有机膨润土界面的环境行为研究

研究了苯酚在水／阴离子有机膨润土界面的吸附行为，初步探讨了阴离子有机膨润土对苯酚、苯的吸附性能、机理及影响因素。结果表明，阴离子表面活性剂改性后，膨润土中有机碳含量增加了10～38倍，对苯酚、苯的吸附能力大大提高。水中苯酚、苯在水／阴离子有机膨润土界面的吸附行为主要分配作用所致，其吸附等温线呈线性。     

共存污染物对阿特拉津在天然沉积物上吸附的影响

实验研究了重金属和表面活性剂对阿特拉津在沉积物上吸附的影响.结果表明,Cu2 和Cd2 在低浓度时对阿特拉津吸附无影响或降低其吸附,高浓度时则能明显或轻微促进其吸附.在实验浓度范围内,与对照相比,表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)抑制阿特拉津的吸附,而Span 20则在低浓度时(≤1mg·L-1)抑制阿特拉津的吸附,高浓度时(>1mg·L-1)促进其吸附.     

两亲性壳聚糖制备优化及其气浮除藻研究

对壳聚糖（CTS）进行了两亲改性,通过响应曲面实验对比各因素对取代度影响的显著程度且优选出最佳的制备条件,并采用3种两亲性CTS进行了表面改性气浮（PosiDAF）除藻实验,对比了不同条件下的除藻效果且探究除藻机理.结果表明,两亲性CTS水溶性增强,但热稳定性降低;对响应值影响的显著程度为：碳链长度>反应时间>反应温度>原料投加比;以丁基N-2羟丙基三甲基壳聚糖氯化铵（C4-HTCC）为改性剂,投加量为1.0mg/L时改性气浮除藻效果最佳,可达93.47%,源于其改性的微气泡具有较强的静电吸引作用.     

生物表面活性剂对东海原甲藻生长的影响

以东海原甲藻为实验材料,研究了铜绿假单胞菌产鼠李糖脂类生物表面活性剂对藻细胞的抑制和杀藻作用.结果表明,鼠李糖脂在较低浓度下对东海原甲藻的生长有明显的抑制效果,增大用量,可直接杀灭藻细胞.生长延滞期的藻细胞对鼠李糖脂的作用更为敏感.在相同实验条件下,鼠李糖脂对绿藻生长的影响基本可以忽略,在低浓度下对中肋骨条藻和湛江叉鞭金藻生长的影响也很弱,鼠李糖脂的浓度增至5.0mg/L 以上时,对中肋骨条藻和湛江叉鞭金藻的生长表现出一定的抑制作用.     

Adsorption behavior of condensed phosphate on aluminum hydroxide

Sodium pyrophosphate （pyro-P, Na4P2OT）, sodium tripolyphosphate （tripoly-P, Na3P3O10）, and sodium hexametaphosphate （meta-P, （NaPO3）6） were selected as the model compounds of condensed phosphate to investigate the adsorption behavior of condensed phosphate on aluminum hydroxide. The adsorption was found to be endothermic and divisible into two stages： （1） fast adsorption within 1 h; and （2） slow adsorption between 1 and 24 h. The modified Freundlich model simulated the fast adsorption stage well; the slow adsorption stage was described well by the first-order kinetics. The activation energies of pyro-P, tripoly-P, and meta-P adsorption on aluminum hydroxide were determined to be 20.2, 22.8 and 10.9 kJ/mol P adsorbed, respectively, in the fast adsorption stage and to be 66.3, 53.5 and 72.5 kJ/mol P adsorbed, respectively, in the slow adsorption stage. The adsorption increased the negative charge of the aluminum hydroxide surface. Transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis analyses provided evidence that the adsorption was not uniform on the surface and that the small crystals contributed more to the fast adsorption than the normal sites did. The results from X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy tests also revealed the uneven adsorption of condensed phosphate as a function of the penetration depth. More condensed phosphates were adsorbed on the outer surface of aluminum hydroxide than in its inner parts.