强化超滤用于废水中有色金属回收的研究

介绍了胶团强化超滤技术处理有色金属废水的原理、研究现状和主要影响因素,着重阐述了浓缩液中有色金属离子和渗透液中表面活性剂的回收方法,综合分析了该技术目前存在的问题,改进方法以及今后的应用前景。     

复配混凝剂处理染料废水的研究

以COD为288mg／L,色度为25000倍的配制酸性大红GR染料废水为对象,在研究常用混凝剂处理的基础上,配制了FeSO4——MgSO4-PAM复配混凝剂,并通过实验优化了操作条件。结果表明,复配混凝剂在较少的投加量下,即可同时达到较高的脱色率与COD去除率,处理效果明显优于单一混凝剂。当脱色率达90．9％,COD去除率达74．1％时,复配混凝剂总药剂费用仅为0．94元／吨废水,在经济性和处理效果上均是可行的。     

生物表面活性剂产生菌的筛选及培养条件优化

采用富集培养、蓝色凝胶平板筛选和发酵液排油活性测定的方法,从沈阳蜡化厂活性污泥中分离筛选到一株产表面活性剂菌株,并通过摇瓶发酵实验对该菌株产表面活性剂的培养条件进行了优化.结果表明:该菌株产表面活性剂的最佳碳源为废油,氮源为尿素,初始pH值为7.0,接种量为5％,培养温度为35℃,培养72 h后发酵液排油圈直径可达6....     

徐滨士 一辈子致力“表面”文章

他几乎与国际同行同步提出建立表面工程科学,带领中国的技术研发走在世界前列。他在中国首倡再制造工程,并赋予其鲜明的中国特色。……他心无旁骛,年复一年地潜心钻研,至今已近60年,并且还在继续努力着。     

不同组分鼠李糖脂的胶束性质及其对三氯生的增溶作用

测定了铜绿假单胞杆菌诱变株MIG-N146产鼠李糖脂粗提物（RL-CE）及经柱层析分离纯化得到的单糖脂（RL-F1）和双糖脂（RL-F2）的表面性能及胶束性质,并通过溶解平衡实验考察了这3种组分对极性疏水物质三氯生的增溶作用.结果表明,RL-CE、RL-F1、RL-F2的临界胶束浓度CMC值分别为60.31、43.82...     

Solubilization and degradation of perchloroethylene （PCE） in cationic and nonionic surfactant solutions

Solubilization of perchloroethylene (PCE) in a nonionic (Triton X-100) and a cationic (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)) surfactant solutions and the degradation of surfactant solubilized PCE using fine to nanosize Fe and bi-metallic Fe-Ni particles were investigated. Micelle partition coefficients (Km) and molar solubility ratio (MSR) for PCE in 10 g/L of surfactant solutions have been quantified and the solubility of PCE (100 mg/L in water) in the surfactant solutions increased by about ten fold. Of the two surfactants studied, Triton X-100 solubilized the higher amount of PCE per gram of surfactant. To degrade solubilized PCE, both iron and bimetallic Fe-Ni particles were used in continuously stirred batch reactors. The iron and bi-metallic particles were synthesized using the solution method and the particles were characterized using the SEM, EDS, TEM and XRD. The PCE solubilized up to 500 mg/L in both surfactant solutions were totally degraded at various rates by 200 g/L of bi-metallic Fe-Ni particles in less than 20 hr, which is the highest concentration of PCE degraded in the shortest time compared to data in the literature. The degradations of PCE solubilized in surfactant solutions were represented by nonlinear kinetic relationships which depended on the type of surfactant used for solubilizing the PCE.     

Effects of spatial resolution of remotely sensed data on estimating urban impervious surfaces

Impervious surfaces are the result of urbanization that can be explicitly quantified, managed and controlled at each stage of land development. It is a very useful environmental indicator that can be used to measure the impacts of urbanization on surface runoff, water quality, air quality, biodiversity and microclimate. Therefore, accurate estimation of impervious surfaces is critical for urban environmental monitoring, land management, decision-making and urban planning. Many approaches have been developed to estimate surface imperviousness, using remotely sensed data with various spatial resolutions. However, few studies, have investigated the effects of spatial resolution on estimating surface imperviousness. We compare medium-resolution Landsat data with high-resolution SPOT images to quantify the imperviousness in Beijing, China. The results indicated that the overall 91% accuracy of estimates of imperviousness based on TM data was considerably higher than the 81% accuracy of the SPOT data. The higher resolution SPOT data did not always predict the imperviousness of the land better than the TM data. At the whole city level, the TM data better predicts the percentage cover of impervious surfaces. At the sub-city level, however, the ring belts from the central core to the urban-rural peripheral, the SPOT data may better predict the imperviousness. These results highlighted the need to combine multiple resolution data to quantify the percentage of imperviousness, as higher resolution data do not necessarily lead to more accurate estimates. The methodology and results in this study can be utilized to identify the most suitable remote sensing data to quickly and efficiently extract the pattern of the impervious land, which could provide the base for further study on many related urban environmental problems.     

良好的作业条件是实现矿山本质安全的基础

矿山井下开采是一种工作环境特殊的职业.长期以来,多数矿山的现场作业条件较差,井下工作面场地狭窄,地质条件复杂,水、火、尘、顶板、有毒有害气体等灾害时刻威胁着矿工的人身安全.即使在矿山地表,也多是条件简陋,投入不足.长时间工作或生活在这样的环境中,不仅会对矿工、家属的身体健康造成伤害,而且还会对矿工的心理健康产生不良影响.长期以来人们对良好的作业条件存在片面的认识,不少人简单地认为,良好的作业条件就是生产机具、设备安全性能以及生产场所周围环境等.在生产管理中更是不重视良好的作业条件,只关注一些表面现象.……     

阴-非混合表面活性剂对DNAPLs的增溶作用

表面活性剂增溶修复是一种有效的土壤有机污染修复技术.采用静态平衡法比较研究了单一的阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和非离子表面活性剂聚氧乙烯失水山梨脂肪酸酯醇醚(TWSO)及其混合表面活性剂对3种氯代烃化合物氯苯(CB)、1,2-二氯苯(1,2-DCB)和三氯乙烯(TCE)的增溶作用.考察了无机盐离子Na 、M2 和Ca2 对增溶作用的影响,以期为土壤和地下水重非水相液体(DNAPLs)污染提供新的修复途径.结果表明,阴-非混合表面活性剂TW80-SDS对3种化合物的增溶效果明显强于单一的阴离子表面活性剂SDS,混合表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度(CMC)随着非离子表面活性剂质量分数的增加而降低,其增溶能力随着非离子表面活性剂质量分数的增加而增加,对污染物的增溶程度排序为:三氯乙烯＞氯苯＞1,2-二氯苯.表面活性剂在临界胶束浓度以上,对有机物的分配系数Kmc与有机物的辛醇-水分配系数Kow相当,而增溶比与有机物的水溶解度呈正相关,与Kow、kow、溶质的摩尔体积和表面活性剂的亲水-亲油平衡值HLB呈负相关.Na 、Mg2 和Ca2 能增大氯苯在表面活性剂中的表观溶解度,阴非离子表面活性剂SDS与TW80混合后能提高表面活性剂的抗硬水能力,提高增溶效率.     

水成膜泡沫灭火剂标准GB 17427-1998的研究

结合作者对水成膜泡沫灭火剂(AFFF)的研究结果,讨论了AFFF国家标准GB 17427-1998的一些值得商榷之处.对GB 17427-1998中的AFFF定义、"扩散系数"和“扩散能力"、老化试验、pH值与泡沫水溶液的腐蚀性以及表面张力和界面张力的测定等进行了详细讨论,并提出了相应的修改建议.建议修改 AFFF的定义、"扩散系数"和"扩散能力"等术语.将铺展系数的测定改为测定能迅速铺展的泡沫水溶液在油面的铺展量.建议修改老化试验及泡沫水溶液腐蚀性的判断标准,用更准确的方法测定泡沫液的表面张力和油水界面张力.希望本文的一些讨论能对我国AFFF标准的进一步完善有所帮助.