重金属离子在腐殖酸表面的吸附——类颗粒表面吸附模型

本实验用伏安质子滴定法获得重金属离子(Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+))在腐殖酸表面吸附的实验数据,并基于这些数据提出重金属离子在腐殖酸表面的络合模型。模型中引入两个实验常数:反应系数α和竞争反应常数K_H。实验结果表明,这两个常数的实验值在一相当宽的起始溶液条件下基本稳定。基于这两个常数而获得的pH相关吸附等温线和实验数据相当符合。模型中采用了由电位滴定得到的腐殖酸表面羧基浓度作为最大表面基团浓度,并对其质子解离常数进行了表面电荷影响的修正。     

石英表面配合物与溶解动力学模型

阐述了石英表面配合物和溶解动力学机理之间的关系，指出了石英的反应性主要受负电性表面物种的控制，从而导致电解质、离子强度、pH等因素对石英溶解的催化效应．溶解达率的提高与反应活化能的降低成活化熵的增大有关。最后，介绍了在过渡态理论和表面反应模型基础上建立的石英溶解速率方程。     

拒绝含磷洗衣粉

洗衣粉何以含磷 我们常用的洗衣粉是由多种化学成分组成的合成洗涤剂,其中起主要作用的是表面活性剂,为烷基苯磷酸钠、烷基磺酸钠、脂肪酸硫酸钠、脂肪酸聚氧乙烯醚、环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷的共聚物等。这些表面活性剂也可直接用来作为洗涤剂使用,但洗涤去污效果并不十分理想,而且成本较高。因此,配制洗衣粉时还要加入一些助洗剂和辅助剂,使洗衣粉洗涤去污性能更完善、效果更理想,贮存使用更方便。洗衣粉通用的助剂分为有磷无磷两类。含磷洗衣粉中应用较普遍的是三聚磷酸钠。三聚磷酸钠中的阴离子具有较强的结合能力,能将不溶解的多种金属阳离子结合,     

煤矸石堆酸性水的防治

本文介绍了表面活性剂与应用技术的最新动态和在西弗吉尼亚洲中部一煤矿使用该项技术所获的结果。     

The effects of land use and its patterns on soil properties in a small catchment of the Loess Plateau

Due to relatively strong human activities in the hilly area of Loess Plateau,the natural vegetation has been destroyed,and landscape pattern based on agricultural land matrix was land use mosaic composing of shrub land,grassland,woolland and orchard.This pattern has an important effect on soil moisture and soil nutrients.The Danangou catchment,a typical small catchment,was selected to study the effects of land use and its patterns on soil moisture and nutrients in this paper.The results are as follows:The comparisons of soil moisture among seven land uses for wet year and dry year were performed:(1)the average of soil moisture content for whole catchment was 12.11% in wet year,while it was 9.37% in dry year;(2)soil moisture among seven land uses was significantly different in dry year,but not in wet year;(3) form wet year to dry year,the profile type of soil moisture changed from decreasing type to fluctuation-type and from fluctuant type to increasing type;(4)the increasing trend in soil moisture from the top to foot of hillslope occurred in simple land use along slope,while complicated distribution of soil moisture was observed in multiple land uses along slope.The relationships between soil nutrients and land uses and landscape positions were analysed:(1)five nutrient contents of soil organic matter(SOM),total N(TN),available N(AN),total P(TP) and available P(AP) in hilly area were lower than that in other areas.SOM content was less than 1%,TN content less than 0.07%,and TP fallow land and cropland,and higher level in soil fertility was found in crop-fruit intercropping land among croplands;(3)soil nutrient distribution and responses to landscape positions were variable depending on slope and the location of land use types.     

含表面活性剂的Mn^2＋溶液脱除烟气中SO2初探

对含微量Ｍｎ＾２＋和表面活性剂的水溶液的脱硫机理进行了分析，研究了Ｍｎ＾２＋、表面活性剂＋Ｍｎ＾２＋及ＳＯ２浓度对ＳＯ２脱除效率的影响，得出Ｍｎ＾２＋与表现活性剂联合脱硫效率比单一Ｍｎ＾２＋溶液的有较大幅度增加，高达９６．２％等结论。     

白洋淀北岸农田土壤特性的表征

本文采用标准方法，测定了白洋淀北岸部分农田土壤的粒度组成、ｐＨ和有机碳含量等指标，对该地区土壤的特性进行了表征分析。结果表明，土壤的平均粒度分布大于２０μｍ的占５２．７３％，主要属于砂壤土。与１０年前相比，ｐＨ值变化不大；而有机碳含量是１０年前的１．２６倍。ｐＨ随土壤的垂直深度而略有增加，而有机碳含量则随土壤的垂直深度而减少。     

大庆油田落地原油对土壤污染的研究

大庆油田是中国最重要的原油生产基地,开发建设50多年来,已累计生产原油18.2亿吨.不可避免地在油田生产过程中产生大量的落地原油,对土壤造成了严重的污染.落地原油在土壤中的迁移主要有横向迁移和纵向迁移:横向迁移对土壤的污染成辐射状分布,污染强度随污染源的距离增加而迅速降低,污染源周围污染最重的区域在0 m～40 m范围内,占总量90%以上,横向迁移范围确定在150 m以内;落地原油纵向迁移绝大部分集中在距土壤表面0 cm～10 cm范围内,竖向迁移一般不超过70 cm.落地原油污染土壤中主要污染物包括总烃、芳烃、酚、苯并[a]芘和硫化物,通过落地原油污染土壤的模拟实验可知总烃、芳烃、苯并[a]芘和硫化物含量,随原油浓度增加而明显增加,呈明显正相关性;其一元线性回归方程分别为Y=0.470X-17.88、Y=0.119X-6.13、Y=0.0076X-0.30、Y=0.000055X 0.089.