噬水之煤——神华鄂尔多斯煤制油项目对环境影响的调查

我国西北地区普遍干旱,生态环境脆弱。而近三十年来,煤炭开采等产业对这些地区的环境造成了严重破坏。为此,2013年3月至7月,绿色和平11次赴浩勒报吉农牧区进行了实地考察,得出如下结论:鉴于煤化工项目用水量大、污染严重,在煤化工项目申报立项阶段,国家发改委,工信部、水利部和环保部等相关部门,应当有明确的、基于科学的、可操作的规定,真正做到"以水定煤",确保守住生态红线。     

中国西北地区的水系统与环境问题

从内陆生态系统及其生态学功能特征出发，定量分析了中国西北地区内陆水系统与主要的水文循环途径，指出应把生系统与水循环结合起来考察水资源合理利用，以及开发引起的环境问题，分别分析了农业、工业、生活和娱乐，水电上大用水户的发展趋势，这些用水已经和正在对西北内陆水文状态和环境变化产生四方面的明显影响，还列举举了水资源开发不合理的五种类型问题。     

论西北地区沙漠化治理中法律的利益导向功能

探讨了法律在西北地区沙漠化治理中的利益导向功能,认为法律的利益导向功能会促使防沙治沙其他要素的生成,法律在沙漠化治理中将发挥重要的作用。     

西北地区水资源承载力弹性区间综合分析

阐述了水资源承载力的内涵,通过分析弹簧的弹性形变引出了水资源承栽力的弹性区间,并根据西北地区的实际情况得出生态水的用量决定水资源承载力弹性区间的范围。定量分析了节水系数与污水处理率对生态用水量的影响,最后提出了增加西北地区水资源承栽力弹性区间的对策。     

Bioaccumulation and translocation of cadmium in cole （Brassica campestris L.） and celery （Apium graveolens） grown in the polluted oasis soil, Northwest of China

A pot experiment was conducted to study the bioaccumulation and translocation of cadmium (Cd) in cole (Brassica campestris L.) and celery (Apium graveolens) grown in the Cd-polluted oasis soil, Northwest of China. The results showed that Cd in the unpolluted oasis soil was mainly bound to carbonate fraction (F2) and Fe-Mn oxide fraction (F3). However, marked change of Cd fractions was observed with increasing soil Cd concentrations, in which the concentration of Cd in F1 (exchangeable fraction), F2 and F3 increased significantly (p < 0.001 for F1, F2 and F3). The growth of cole and celery could be facilitated by low concentrations of Cd, but inhibited by high concentrations. The correlation analysis between the fraction distribution coefficient of Cd in the soil and Cd concentration accumulated in the two vegetables showed that Cd in F1 in the soil made the greatest contribution on the accumulation of Cd in the two vegetables. The high bio-concentration factor and the translocation factor of Cd in both cole and celery were observed, and Cd had higher accumulation in the edible parts of the two vegetables. Therefore, both cole and celery grown in Cd-polluted oasis soil have higher risk to human health. And the two vegetables are not suitable to be cultivated as vegetables consumed by human in the Cd-polluted oasis soil.     

西北地区近50a气温和降水极端事件的变化特征

采用1960-2009年西北地区124个气象站点的逐日最高气温、最低气温和日降水量资料,对该地区极端气候变化进行了研究探讨,并在此基础上尝试预测了未来该地区极端气候变化的情形。研究表明:近50 a以来,西北地区夏季天数、生物生长季、热夜天数、高温天数分别以2.31、2.98、1.07、0.45 d·(10 a)^-1的速度显著增加;结冰天数、最大连续霜冻天数、低温天数分别以-2.51、-1.79、-3.62 d·(10 a)^-1的趋势在显著减少;极端气温年较差也以-0.39℃·(10 a)^-1的速度在减少;除极端气温年较差外,极端温度指数和年平均气温有很好的相关性;最大的1和5天降水总量、逐年平均降水强度和持续干旱天数呈增加趋势,而中雨天数和持续降水天数呈减少趋势;除持续干旱天数外,年降水总量与其他极端降水指标有很好的相关;从空间分布和各气候区来看,极端气候增加或减少的趋势及其与年平均气温或年总降水量相关性不尽相同。     

西北地区产业间水权交易的诱因与模式分析

提高水资源利用效率是破解我国西北地区水资源约束与经济发展困构逐渐升级的背景下存在自然、技术、经济与制度等诱因,促使建立规范化、模式化的产业间水权交易市场.因此,结合西北地区农业用水的实际情况,从成本、可操作性、偏好和实施难度等方面比较了可能存在的三种产业间水权交易模式,并提出了3种模式的适用范围.     

China＇s Land Carrying Capacity Based on Man-grain Relationships

With population growth and increasing pressure on land resources, land carrying capacity （LCC） and food safety have been attracting great attention worldwide. From the point of man-grain relationship and by establishing LCC and land carrying capacity index （LCCI） models, this article firstly analyzes the spatial-temporal dynamics of LCC of China from 1949 to 2005 at county, provincial and national levels. Choosing 2005 as a representative year, this article then evaluates the LCC of 264 pastoral regions （semipastoral regions）, 663 urban regions and 592 poverty stricken regions of the country. The results show that： （1） from 1949 to 2005, with the increase of grain production, the LCC of China has been improved conspicuously, but due to the rapid population growth, the production can only maintain a low level grain consumption; （2） over the past 25 years （1980-2005）, the number of population overloading provinces decreased from 23 to 15 and the mangrain relationship has been improved gradually, but there were more overloading provinces than surplus provinces in China; （3） at county level, there were 1572 overloading counties in 1980 accounting for 68.26% of the total counties of the country and where were 649 million people lived, while in 1990, 2000 and 2005, the number of overloading counties were 1066, 1133 and 1087 respectively, which shows that the man-grain relationship has been improved obviously during the past 25 years; as for spatial distribution, the surplus counties were mainly concentrated in agriculture developed regions, such as Northeast Plain, North China Plain, middle and lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Plain, and overloading counties were mainly located in regions with poor natural environment and low grain production capacity, such as Northwest China, Tibetan Plateau and Loess Plateau and economically developed urban regions, such as Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai; （4） animal husbandry improved greatly the LCC of pastoral and semi-pastoral regions, while urban regions were overloading for increasing population pressure and more than half of poverty stricken regions were overloading due to critical natural environment and poor economic conditions.     

西北地区昼夜增温的不对称性对植被动态的影响

全球变暖有很大的差异性,表现在昼夜增温速度和各个季节的温度增加的速率具有不一致性,夜间增温的速度要快于白天增温的速度,夜间气温的增温对植被变化的影响更为明显。文章利用34年逐月最高温、最低温以及降水量数据,用一元线性回归分析法、反距离权重插值以及二阶偏相关分析法,分析了西北地区白天和夜间气温的非对称时空变化和非对称增温趋势对植被动态的影响,结果表明:西北地区昼夜温度都呈现出上升的趋势,且上升趋势比较明显,白天增温的速度和夜间增温的速度呈现出不对称性,夜间温度升高的速率是白天温度升高速率的1.2倍,昼夜的温差呈现出减小的趋势;西北地区昼夜增温趋势存在不一致性,白天气温的增温速率在-0.02-0.11℃?a-1,夜间气温的增温速率在-0.06-0.2℃?a-1。tmax和tmin在绝大部分地区都呈现上升趋势,但在空间变化的区域上具有不对称性;西北地区植被生长对昼夜增温的响应具有明显的空间差异性,大部分地区的植被对昼夜增温表现为积极的响应,夜间增温对植被的影响要比白天增温对植被的影响是比较明显的;白天和夜间增温的不对称性影响着不同类型的植被,白天气温的升高有利于针叶林植被、草地和阔叶林植被的生长,而夜间气温的升高对灌丛和荒漠植被的生长有积极的影响。     

农业部全力推进休闲农业创意产业大发展、大繁荣

4月13日至16日,全国休闲农业创意精品西南区、西北区推介活动暨休闲农业节分别在四川温江区和陕西长安区举行。农业部副部长高鸿宾,四川省委常委李昌平,农业部乡镇企业局、西南西北地区的休闲农业主管部门负责人以及数十万名社会公众参加了推介活动。