准好氧填埋工艺垃圾重金属的污染特征

针对某准好氧填埋场,分析了填埋1~5年的陈垃圾及其浸出液中重金属的含量变化,并进行了污染风险评价,结果表明,垃圾中重金属含量随填埋时间的延长呈现一定的增加趋势,且导气管附近(0 m)垃圾样品重金属含量整体要高于距离导气管较远处(15 m)的样品中重金属含量。重金属As、Cd和Hg严重超过GB 15618—1995《土壤环境质量标准》三级标准限值,重金属Zn、Pb和Cr均未超过标准限值。垃圾浸出液中,重金属Zn、As、Cd、Pb和Cr含量均低于地表水环境质量标准的限值(Ⅱ类)。而Hg浓度超标,为标准限值的34倍~68倍(0 m)和38倍~90倍(15 m)。在污染指数评价中,内罗梅综合污染指数均大于3,为重度污染。     

上海市郊区河道底泥重金属污染状况评价

河道底泥重金属污染日益受到重视。对上海市郊区河道毛家塘底泥进行监测,分析了13种重金属元素(As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn,Hg,Be,Ag,Sb,Se,Ti)的含量特征,采用地累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法、污染负荷指数法对重金属污染状况进行了评价。结果表明:河道底泥13种重金属中,Ag,Sb,Se,Ti 4种低于检测限,As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn,Hg,Be含量均超过了上海市土壤背景值;底泥重金属为中污染,As,Cd,Cu,Zn污染影响较大。除As以外,其余重金属含量均满足我国现行标准或指标要求,建议底泥后续处理利用参考达标标准的相应要求进行。     

Fouling distribution in forward osmosis membrane process

Fouling behavior along the length of membrane module was systematically investigated by performing simple modeling and lab-scale experiments of forward osmosis （FO） membrane process. The flux distribution model developed in this study showed a good agreement with experimental results, validating the robustness of the model. This model demonstrated, as expected, that the permeate flux decreased along the membrane channel due to decreasing osmotic pressure differential across the FO membrane. A series of fouling experiments were conducted under the draw and feed solutions at various recoveries simulated by the model. The simulated fouling experiments revealed that higher organic （alginate） fouling and thus more flux decline were observed at the last section of a membrane channel, as foulants in feed solution became more concentrated. Furthermore, the water flux in FO process declined more severely as the recovery increased due to more foulants transported to membrane surface with elevated solute concentrations at higher recovery, which created favorable solution environments for organic adsorption. The fouling reversibility also decreased at the last section of the membrane channel, suggesting that fouling distribution on FO membrane along the module should be carefully examined to improve overall cleaning efficiency. Lastly, it was found that such fouling distribution observed with co-current flow operation became less pronounced in counter- current flow operation of FO membrane process.     

Aerobic granules cultivated and operated in continuous-flow bioreactor under particle-size selective pressure

A novel method based on the selective pressure of particle size （particle-size cultivation method, PSCM） was developed for the cultivation and operation of aerobic granular sludge in a continuous-flow reactor, and compared with the conventional method based on the selective pressure of settling velocity （settling-velocity cultivation method, SVCM）. Results indicated that aerobic granules could be cultivated in continuous operation mode by this developed method within 14 days. Although in the granulation process, under particle-size selective pressure, mixed liquor suspended solids （MLSS） in the reactor fluctuated greatly and filamentous bacteria dominated the sludge system during the initial operation days, no obvious difference in profile was found between the aerobic granules cultivated by PSCM and SVCM. Moreover, aerobic granules cultivated by PSCM presented larger diameter, lower water content and higher specific rates of nitrification, denitrifieation and phosphorus removal, but lower settling velocity. Under long term operation of more than 30 days, aerobic granules in the continuous-flow reactor could remain stable and obtain good chemical oxygen demand （COD）, NH4^＋-N, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorus （TP） removal. The results indicate that PSCM was dependent on the cultivation and maintenance of the stability of aerobic granules in continuous-flow bioreactors.     

探讨适用于河流沉积物重金属污染程度的评价方法

本文使用地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法两种方法对同一区域五条河流的沉积物中重金属的测定结果进行了评价和比较,提出了将河流沉积物中重金属的监测纳入我国地表水常规监测的意见和建议.     

西安市2013年空气质量状况分析

本文收集西安市2013年环境监测站发布的空气质量指数（AQI）及环境空气状况与监测月报资料,对空气质量等级、AQI变化情况、主要污染物浓度变化趋势及采暖期和非采暖期浓度比较进行分析.研究结果表明：西安市2013空气质量二级以上的达标率为37.8％,年均AQI值为151,SO2、NO2、PM10和PM2.5的月监测浓度变化趋势无显著意义,采暖期平均浓度均显著高于非采暖期平均浓度,PM2.5采暖期均值是非采暖期均值的3.09倍.由此可见控制SO2、NO2、PM10和PM2.5的排放是改善西安市空气质量的重点工作.     

怎样变信息为企业治污压力

污染控制的障碍到底是什么？这不只是一个技术问题或者资金问题．最核心的问题还是缺乏动力。这个动力原本应该源自严格的执法。源自司法介入的环境诉讼,但是我国现在还不具备这些。从国际经验看,环境保护需要广泛的社会参与,除了政府监管,包括立法、司法、环保行政部门的作为．还有市场手段和公众参与。在西方国家,司法手段可以起到非常重要的作用。而我国环境司法系统还需要进一步完善,这会是一个相当艰难和漫长的过程。     

江苏省环境胁迫压力变化趋势研究

环境胁迫压力已成为环境保护部门值得关注的焦点,文章利用1991-2010年江苏省主要人文社会、工业、生活污染物排放数据和社会经济指标等数据,选择有代表性的指标,构建了江苏省环境胁迫压力评估指标体系,采用定量分析方法计算了环境胁迫压力综合指数。结果表明,1991-2010年,江苏省环境胁迫压力总体呈显著上升趋势,2010年仍处于重度压力状态。     

一种基于电化学检测的新型水质综合评价方法

文章建立了一种准确、有效、适用于远程监控的新型水质综合指数(WQCI)评价方法。该方法是基于可采用电化学传感器测量的水质五参数指标:温度(T)、溶解氧(DO)、氧化还原电位(ORP)、电导率(K)、酸碱度(p H),结合数学统计K-star模型以《地表水环境质量标准》(GB-3838-2002)为参照标准,通过K-star模型的分类和运算得出未知水体水质类别。同时还对此水质综合指数(WQCI)评价方法进行了一系列的优化实验,并将检测结果与环保局发布数据做了比较分析,发现结果基本一致。与其它的水质综合评价方法相比,该方法能够实现检测参数所用仪器的一体化,便于现场和远程自动监控分析。若与网络技术结合起来,则可实现水质实时、在线监测。     

基于HJ-1 CCD数据的海冰时空特征分析——以渤海辽东湾为例

基于环境减灾卫星(HJ-1)CCD数据,对比分析了CCD数据4个波段的不同地物波谱特征,构建了海冰遥感信息提取指数(SII),并将该指数作为一个特征参量与CCD数据的其他4个波段进行支持向量机分类,提取了2012/2013年海冰发展关键期的海冰时空变化信息,在此基础上,结合气象数据分析了2012/2013年冬季渤海辽东湾海冰灾害的时空分布特征。结果表明:海冰的冻结、融化、增长和减弱与冬季气候时空变化特征有密切关系;HJ-1CCD数据能有效提取海冰信息,是海冰监测的一种有效的数据源;基于SII指数的支持向量机遥感图像海冰分类方法对海冰的识别具有较高的精度,能够为海冰监测提供新的技术支撑。