用于土壤及地下水修复的多相抽提技术研究进展

多相抽提技术(multi-phase extraction,MPE)是当前国外修复被挥发性有机物污染的土壤和地下水的主要技术之一,它通常通过同时抽取地下污染区域的土壤气体、地下水和非水相液体污染物(non-aqueous phase liquid,NAPL)至地面进行分离及处理,达到迅速控制并同步修复土壤与地下水污染的效果。为了加深对该技术的认识,列举了MPE技术的工艺特点和技术原理,总结了MPE系统的设计要点和思路,以及MPE技术相对于传统修复技术的优势和不足。针对MPE技术的特点,总结分析了针对土壤包气带、含水层性质和污染物特征的MPE技术适宜性评估方法。最后,列举了MPE技术在国内外的典型案例。     

3种典型兽药抗生素的环境暴露评估

建立了兽药在不同环境介质中的暴露浓度预测方法,选择我国养殖业常用的3种典型兽药抗生素磺胺二甲嘧啶(SDM)、土霉素(OTC)和恩诺沙星(ENF),对其环境暴露评估进行研究。结果显示,粪便中SDM的土壤预测暴露水平(PEC)为53.07~735.07 mg·kg-1,OTC的PEC为13.30~160.51 mg·kg-1,ENF的PEC为1.60~40.35 mg·kg-1;土壤中SDM的最大PEC为534.84~13 820.24μg·kg-1,OTC的最大PEC为172.66~3 054.71μg·kg-1,ENF的最大PEC为67.61~2 484.71μg·kg-1;地表水中SDM的PEC为134.27~3 469.62μg·L-1,OTC的PEC为0.12~2.18μg·L-1,ENF的PEC为0.02~0.87μg·L-1。通过比较PEC与相关文献的实际检测结果,初步探索了兽药环境暴露预测模型在我国兽药环境暴露评估中的适用性。     

美国EPA高通量暴露建模工具适合化学物质分级

正2014年7月30日来自美国EPA科学协调与政策办公室(OSCP)的一个研究小组表示,美国EPA用于估计化学物质暴露的高通量工具适合用于对化学物质进行分级。该研究小组在参加《联邦杀虫剂、杀真菌剂和杀鼠剂法》(FIFRA)科学顾问小组的一次关于与用于估计化学品暴露的新高通量方法相关的科学问题的会议上,重点讨论了ExpoCast——一项旨在开发基于人类暴露潜力筛查化学物质的高通量工具的环保署计划。     

Comprehensive health condition assessment on partial sewers in a southern Chinese city based on fuzzy mathematic methods

A self-developed sewer health assessment system using the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and analytical hierarchy process was applied to give a comprehensive health condition evaluation on part of the local sewers in a southern Chinese city based on the sewer video data collected by a sewer inspection closed circuit television （CCTV） robot. Aside from the overall condition evaluation, the structure, function, and stability status of the sewer were also analyzed using the method. A comprehensive index H was proposed to give the overall health condition of pipes with different defects, and Ht, Hs, and If were used to quantify the defects affecting the tightness, stability, and function of the pipe, respectively. Results show that 48% of the inspected pipes were in good condition （0〈H〈0.25）, and about 33% of the sewer pipes analyzed were categorized to be at severe or urgent condition levels （H 〉 0.5）, although most of the pipes were installed only within five years. Frequent sedimentation affects the function of the sewer, and deformation and joint damage affect the structure of the sewer.     

Comparative study on the efficiency and environmental impact of two methods of utilizing polyvinyl chloride waste based on life cycle assessments

Two processes of utilizing polyvinyl chloride （PVC） waste, an incineration process and a vacuum pyrolysis process, for energy conversion were compared to determine their efficiency and environmental perfor- mance. We carried out a life cycle assessment with each of the two processes to evaluate their environmental impact and defined the goals and limits of our remit. As well, we established an inventory of PVC waste from incineration and vacuum pyrolysis based on process analysis, data collection and calculations. The results show that electrical power output per unit mass of PVC waste in the incineration process was twice as high as that of the vacuum pyrolysis process. Incineration had a larger total environmental impact potential than vacuum pyrolysis. The total environmental impact potential of PVC waste from incineration was three times higher than that from vacuum pyrolysis. Incineration of PVC disposed 300 ng. 100 kgI of dioxins and vacuum pyrolysis 98.19 ng- 100 kgI of dioxins. As well, we analyzed the data for their uncertainty with results quantified in terms of three uncertainties： basic uncertainty, additional uncertainty, and computational uncertainty. The coefficients of variation of the data were less than 25% and the quality of the inventory data was acceptable with low uncertainty. Both PVC waste disposal processes were of similar quality and their results comparable. The results of our life cycle impact assessment （LCIA） showed considerable reliability of our methodology. Overall, the vacuum pyrolysis process has a number advantages and greater potential for development of PVC disposal than the incineration process.     

区域生态环境服务价值评估 --以延安市宝塔区为例

将小尺度行政区域作为研究对象,建立区域生态环境服务价值评估模型。模型重点考虑了2个方面:第一,主体生态系统对区域生态环境服务价值的贡献大小及主体生态系统之间的相互影响;第二,估算主体生态系统价值时考虑直接使用价值、间接使用价值、非使用价值的重复或遗漏及生态环境服务价值随社会经济的变化。以陕西延安市宝塔区为例进行评估,得到2002年宝塔区生态环境服务价值为118322.214万元。     

基于ODS2002超声波检测技术的高温炉管寿命评估

高温炉管是电站锅炉的重要部件之一,其工作环境为高温高压,在此条件下长期运行,其材料性能会明显下降,从而加剧炉管寿命的缩短,因此对长期使用的高温炉管进行状态检查和寿命评估是十分必要的.本文利用ODS2002氧化皮厚度测量仪及寿命预测装置,对山东某电厂高温炉管开展氧化层厚度检测,评估其剩余寿命,为电厂年度大修提供理论依据与...     

2002~2009年兰州PM10人体健康经济损失评估

参考近年来公开发表的国内外流行病学文献,筛选出PM10的健康效应终点和适合于兰州地区的暴露-反应关系系数,对2002~2009年兰州地区PM10人体健康经济损失进行了计算.结果表明2002年以来兰州地区PM10人体健康经济损失并未明显升高,而是逐年波动;年损失值均在10亿元以上,其中2009年最高为16.6亿元; PM10人体健康经济损失与GDP的比值呈明显下降的趋势.     

专家质疑评估混合物的不确定性系数

2013年7月11日来源:环境卫生权威混合物毒理学专家认为,不能假定在评估对单独化学物质的暴露构成的健康风险时通常使用的缺省不确定性系数,以免遭受化学混合物的潜在有害影响。不确定性系数长久以来被用于将毒理学结果由实验动物研究外推到人类。由Andreas Kortenkamp领     

芦山7.0级地震震害

本文作者以第一时间在芦山7.0级地震现场开展震害调查、损失评估、烈度调查工作所收集到的实际震害资料为基础,对本次地震的震害加以简要概述,并提出一些建议。