Improved source assessment of Si, Al and related mineral components to PM10 based on a daily sampling procedure

Samples obtained from an industrialized valley in the East Alpine region were collected daily for a half year and analyzed using X-ray fluorescence to examine the elements Si,Al,Fe,Ca,Mg,Na,K,Zn,P,S and Cl.Some factors affecting the changes of these elements were considered,including time,elemental correlations,weekday,weekend and seasonal changes.Diagnostic analysis provided an insight into a decoupling behavior that occursin siliceous and carbonates minerals.A decrease in Si and Al and an increase in carbonates,Na,K,Zn and P were observed during the cold season.However,a consistently high correlation of Si and Al was observed in all seasons.It was established that such high levels originated from street surface abrasion.The increase in variability and absolute levels of carbonates during the cold season was demonstrated by adding carbonates to the street surface as gritting material to increase the grip on snowy surfaces.A marked increase in Na and Cl was observed in winter which may have been caused by thaw salt that is widely used in winter in Austria.This was associated with a significant increase in K,Zn,and P in the cold season that was the result of domestic space heating with wood.PM10 levels in December were 12 μg/m3 and were higher than levels detected in July.It was established that such high levels originated from mineral oxides,wood smoke,and inorganic ionic material(s).     

美丽中国建设目标指标体系设计与应用

美丽中国是社会主义现代化强国目标实现的重要标志,是生态文明建设的成效表达。本文在分析美丽中国建设历程和地方实践的基础上,提出了美丽中国建设目标指标体系及其主要指标目标值。建议把美丽中国建设目标指标融入经济社会发展规划目标指标体系中,健全美丽中国建设目标指标统计监测制度,建立美丽中国建设动态监测评估机制,衔接联合国2030年可持续发展议程,全面开启美丽中国建设新征程。     

基于经验权重方法的舟曲县泥石流易发性评估

舟曲县泥石流灾害频发,2010年8月发生的特大山洪泥石流,造成大量生命财产损失。文章采用遥感影像结合地面调查获取舟曲县植被覆盖、岩性、构造等信息;基于数字高程模型与水文分析获取水系、沟谷纵比降、沟谷弯曲度、流域、坡度信息;基于国土资源部在全国开展县市灾害调查中提供的泥石流易发性量化经验权重,对全县178条较大沟谷进行泥石流易发性评价。得到的结果与野外考察和前人认识具有较高的一致性。该方法不需要大量的野外工作,具有评估迅速简单的特点,对县级以上区域尺度的泥石流易发性快速评估具有较高推广价值。     

基于生命周期的循环农业系统评价

针对"循环经济系统是低碳经济的实现途径之一"的观点,在国内外研究的基础上,改进LCA模型,以湖南某典型的循环鸭业产业进行实证研究.整个鸭产业生命周期中耗用的不可再生资源、土地、水资源分别为48.629MJ、2.36m2和1321.41kg,潜在的温室气体、环境酸化、富营养化、人体毒性、水体毒性、土壤毒性分别为11543.26g(CO2eq)、52.36g(SO2eq)、25.83g(PO4eq)、1.26、60.74、24.65g(1,4-DCBeq),加权评估后,富营养化、水体毒性、土壤毒性潜在威胁均高于温室气体.结果表明,建立在传统生产模式上的循环农业适宜"适度循环";循环农业不能盲目追求低碳发展,在降低碳排放的同时还须考虑土壤和生物固碳,才能全面评价碳排放问题;循环经济和循环农业在评估碳排放的同时,还需对环境酸化、富营养化、生态毒性等其他生态指标进行评估,建立系统评价体系;LCA能够较好地对循环农业进行整体评价,值得进一步研究.     

纳氏试剂分光光度法测定水质氨氮不确定度的评估

本文对采用纳氏试剂分光光度法（HJ535-2009）测定水中氨氮的实验过程可能引入的各不确定分量的来源进行了详细的分析,然后对各分量进行评定,对测定不确定度做出评估。得出影响测定结果的几种重要因素。     

流域水污染防治绩效评估体系研究

以环境绩效评估为基础,从总量削减、水环境质量保护、公众参与、环境治理4个方面选择指标,采用层次分析法进行水污染防治绩效评估.结果表明,赣江流域水污染防治效果明显,水环境质量呈逐年变好趋势;从环境管理来看,情况有所改善,但还存在一些问题,环保投资指数成为影响水污染防治效果的主要控制因子.     

层次化健康风险评估方法在苯污染场地的应用及效益评估

以北京某大型苯污染场地为例,详细介绍了如何开展层次化健康风险评估.同时,结合场地污染调查结果,比较了不同层次风险评价确定的土壤苯修复目标、修复量及修复成本的差异.结果表明,在1×10-6可接受致癌风险水平下,该场地第二层次风险评价确定的0～1.5 m深度范围内土壤苯修复目标为0.26 mg·kg-1、1.5～10 m范围内土壤苯修复目标为0.15mg·kg-1,相应的土壤修复量约为292 759 m3,修复成本约2.06亿元.但是,基于该场地苯污染区域土壤气中苯浓度进行的第三层次风险评价确定的0～1.5 m深度范围内土壤苯修复目标为2.6 mg·kg-1、1.5～10 m范围内土壤苯修复目标为1.5mg·kg-1,相应的土壤修复量约为153 222 m3,减少139 537 m3,修复成本为1.49亿元,减少了5 700万元,修复成本的降低远多于因开展第三层次风险评价所付出的约10万元的成本.因此,对于类似大型VOCs污染场地,开采第三层次健康风险评价能够节省大量修复成本、带来巨大的经济效益.     

Integrated assessment of river health based on water quality, aquatic life and physical habitat

The health conditions of Liao River were assessed using 25 sampling sites in April 2005, with water quality index, biotic index and physical habitat quality index. Based on the method of cluster analysis (CA) for water quality indices, it revealed that heavily polluted sites of Liao River are located at estuary and mainstream. The aquatic species surveyed were attached algae and benthic invertebrates. The result showed that the diversity and biomass of attached algae and benthic index of biotic integrity (B-IBI) were degrading as the chemical and physical quality of water bodies deteriorating. Physiochemical parameters, BOD5, CODCr, TN, TP, NH3-N, DO, petroleum hydrocarbon and conductivity, were statistically analyzed with principal component analysis and correlation analysis. The statistical results were incorporated into the integrated assessing water quality index, combining fecal coliform count, attached algae diversity, B-IBI and physical habitat quality score. A comprehensive integrated assessing system of river ecological health was established. Based on the systimetic assesment, the assessed sites are categorized into 9 “healthy” and “sub-healthy” sites and 8 “sub-sick” and “sick” sites.     

基于数据挖掘算法和数值模拟技术的大气污染减排效果评估

近年来,京津冀地区采取了大量污染减排措施进行大气污染治理,如何客观评估减排效果是目前大气环境领域的研究难点.为准确评估大气污染过程的减排效果,本文利用北京地区常规气象资料、国控站PM_(2.5)浓度资料,遴选了北京地区2018年3月11—14日和2013年3月14—17日两次空气污染过程,计算了大气容量系数、静稳指数,并利用KNN数据挖掘算法和WRF-Chem模式,对比分析了有无减排条件下的PM_(2.5)日均浓度.结果表明:两次空气污染过程的天气形势和局地气象条件较相似,就大气热力和动力的垂直结构来看,2018年空气污染过程比2013年空气污染过程的大气稳定性更强、边界层高度更低、环境容量更小,但PM_(2.5)峰值浓度却显著下降,平均浓度明显降低,PM_(2.5)小时浓度的增长趋势相对平缓,重污染持续时间缩短.KNN数据挖掘算法减排评估结果显示,该方法能够较好地预测PM_(2.5)日均浓度的变化趋势,2018年3月11—14日,在减排和不减排情景下PM_(2.5)日均值分别为171和229μg·m~(-3),减排使得污染过程PM_(2.5)平均浓度下降了25.3%.数值模拟结果与KNN数据分析结论吻合,进一步验证了减排措施的有效性.综合看来,2018年空气污染过程中PM_(2.5)浓度相比历史相似气象条件下的污染过程显著降低,这是长期大力度减排效果的体现.     

永定河上游流域水生态系统服务价值评估

张家口市是首都的水源涵养区和生态功能支撑区,流经该区域的永定河上游流域发挥着保育水资源的重要作用。为全面认识永定河上游流域水资源生态价值,对流域水生态各项服务功能开展定量评价。以2017年为基准年,综合采用InVEST模型与市场价值法系统评估研究区的水源供给量,以空间和货币的手段直观地表达该地区的水源供给情况;对于空间数据较难获取的地区,采用当量因子法评估水土保持与生物多样性价值;采用分摊法计算水生态旅游价值。结果表明：其总价值量为55.14亿元,约占张家口市各区县平均GDP（81.87亿元）的67.35%。其中,水源供给价值、水力发电价值、水产品生产价值、休闲娱乐价值等直接使用价值为28.64亿元,土壤保持、河流输沙、生物多样性等间接使用价值为26.50亿元,水源供给、休闲娱乐和水土保持功能对研究区域水生态系统价值提升和发展具有重要作用。研究区单位面积的生态价值和经济效益分别为0.35亿元和0.23亿元,生态价值远高于经济效益。本文因地制宜的综合评价方法提升了价值评估的科学性和可靠性,对于基础数据较为缺乏的地区,有一定的参考意义。