陡河水库鱼体汞的生物积累初探

为了解陡河燃煤电厂大气汞释放对毗邻的陡河水库水生生态系统中鱼体汞含量、生物积累和放大等的影响,本研究采集陡河水库野生鱼、虾和螺蛳,分别测定了鱼样等生物样品中的总汞和甲基汞,并对部分代表性样品测定稳定碳氮同位素比值。鱼汞分布特征和δ13C‰和δ15N‰同位素比值分布特征显示:鱼体(鲜样)中总汞和甲基汞平均含量分别为56.4±26.7和15.5±8.4 ng·g-1,总汞含量最高的是杂食性的白条鱼为133 ng·g-1。不同食性的鱼体δ13C和δ15N稳定同位素值变化范围分别为-28.1‰~-24.4‰和12.0‰~16.1‰,Log10[Hg]与δ15N的线性相关斜率值为负值。以上结果表明:陡河水库鱼体汞总体偏低,没有发现高生物积累和生物放大,其主要原因在于陡河水库水环境中汞含量较低,且陡河水库靠近市区,过度捕捞使可以捕获的鱼样种类和数量偏少,且鱼龄较低。     

Identification of pakchoi cultivars with low cadmium accumulation and soil factors that affect their cadmium uptake and translocation

The selection and use of low-Cd-accumulating cultivar （LCAC） has been proposed as one of the promising approaches in minimizing the entry of Cd in the human food chain. This study suggests a screening criterion of LCACs focusing on food safety. Pot culture and plot experiments were conducted to screen out LCACs from 35 pakchoi cultivars and to identify the crucial soil factors that affect Cd accumulation in LCACs. Results of the pot culture experiment showed that shoot Cd concentrations under the three Cd treatments significantly varied across cultivars. Two cultivars, Hualv 2 and Huajun 2, were identified as LCACs because their shoot Cd concentrations were lower than 0.2 mg. kg-1 under low Cd treatment and high Cd exposure did not affect the biomass of their shoots. The plot experiment further confirmed the consistency and genotypic stability of the low-Cd- accumulating traits of the two LCACs under various soil conditions. Results also showed that soil phosphorus availability was the most important soil factor in the Cd accumulation of pakchoi, which related negatively not only to Cd uptake by root but also to Cd translocation from root to shoot. The total Cd accumulation and translocation rates were lower in the LCACs than in the high-Cd cultivar, suggesting that Cd accumulation in different cultivars is associated with the Cd uptake by root as well as translocation from root to shoot. This study proves the feasibility of the application of the LCAC strategy in pakchoi cultivation to cope with Cd contamination in agricultural soils.     

Comparison of growth and lipid accumulation properties of two oleaginous microalgae under different nutrient conditions

This study compared the growth and lipid accumulation properties of two oleaginous microalgae, namely, Scenedesmus sp. LX1 and Chlorella sp. HQ, under different nutrient conditions. Both algal species obtained the highest biomass, lipid content and lipid yield under low-nutrient conditions （mBGll medium）. The biomass, lipid content and lipid yield of Scenedesmus sp. LX1 were 0.42g·L^-1, 22.5% and 93.8mg·L^-1, respectively. These values were relatively higher than those of Chlorella sp. HQ （0.30g·L^-1, 17.1% and 51.3mg·L^-1, respectively）. These algae were then cultivated in an SE medium that contained more nutrients; as a result, the biomass and lipid yield of Scenedesmus sp. LX1 reduced more significantly than those of Chlorella sp. HQ. Opposite results were observed in lipid and triacylglycerols （TAGs） contents. The cell sizes of both algal species under low-nutrient conditions were larger than those under high-nutrient conditions. Chlorella sp. HQ cells did not aggregate, but Scenedesmus sp. LX1 cells flocculated easily, particularly under low-nutrient conditions. In summary, low-nutrient conditions favour the growth and lipid production of both algae, but Scenedesmus sp. LX1 outperforms Chlorella sp. HQ.     

Bishop法的简化计算假设对边坡安全系数的影响

应用条分法计算边坡安全系数时,为方便运算,会对某些计算条件做出简化。本文以简化Bishop法作为安全系数求解方法,通过设计的比较方案,讨论了条块重心简化、地震力施加方式简化对安全系数的影响,还分析了竖向地震力施加方向的问题。研究结果表明:①条块重心简化对安全系数的影响极小,可以忽略;②地震力施加方式简化时,误差总体上随着边坡坡率变小、滑弧圆心角变大而逐渐减小,随着坡高变高、地震设计烈度变大而增大,粘聚力和内摩擦角的变化对误差基本不产生影响;③竖向地震力方向的选取主要与地震设计烈度相关,在同一地震烈度下,坡高改变了施加方向改变时的参数临界值。     

液位系统的辅助变量复合建模方法研究

针对发电过程控制策略设计和计量方法研究过程中,对系统模型要求越来越高的现状,基于辅助变量最小二乘(RIVLS)辨识方法,提出一种分别以一阶惯性加纯滞后模型(FOPDT)和二阶惯性加纯滞后模型(SOPDT)为基本组成部分,以建模误差的均方差为加权因子的复合建模方法,并通过实验室液位系统建模仿真过程,证明新算法的有效性。仿真结果表明:该方法具有提高建模准确性的作用,该建模方法可以扩展应用于其它对模型精度要求较高的生产过程中。     

沉积物中2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)在铜锈环棱螺体内的毒代动力学及其繁殖毒性

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一种全球性的新型持久性有毒污染物,沉积物中高浓度的PBDEs是水生态系统的巨大风险源,2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)在PBDEs同系物中,目前分布最广,生物毒性最强。为评价沉积物中BDE-47向底栖动物体内转移的潜力及其对底栖动物的潜在繁殖毒性,将实验室培养的铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)暴露于BDE-47加标沉积物中,研究了BDE-47在铜锈环棱螺体内的毒代动力学特性及其对铜锈环棱螺潜在繁殖力的影响。结果表明,铜锈环棱螺对沉积物中BDE-47吸收较快,代谢速度相对较慢,BDE-47在铜锈环棱螺体内具有较强的生物积累性。生物积累达理论平衡时,铜锈环棱螺体内BDE-47浓度为1440.67ng·g-1(以样品干质量计)。BDE-47在铜锈环棱螺体内的生物积累和生物净化过程较好地符合一级动力学模型,摄入速率常数、清除速率常数和生物-沉积物累积因子分别为0.10、0.038和2.75,生物半衰期为18d。铜锈环棱螺体内BDE-47达到90%稳定状态所需的理论时间约为60d。低浓度BDE-47(160ng·g-1)暴露对铜锈环棱螺的潜在繁殖力没有影响,但当浓度≥640ng·g-1时,铜锈环棱螺的繁殖力下降50%,这表明BDE-47对铜锈环棱螺具有繁殖毒性。铜锈环棱螺可作为指示沉积物中底栖生物长期暴露于BDE-47的良好检测模型。     

杂散电容对电容式电压互感器测量误差的影响

电容式电压互感器(capacitorvoltagetransformer,CVT)测量谐波的精度受补偿电抗器杂散电容的影响较大。通过对补偿电抗器杂散电容物理特性的分析,建立等效电路模型,以及对CVT谐波传递特性的分析计算,利用MATLAB/Simulink 仿真软件,研究了杂散电容在不同范围内波动时对CVT各次谐波的传变误差的影响。仿真结果表明:不同杂散电容在相同范围内波动时,数值越大的杂散电容对CVT的传递特性影响越大。     

生物膜系统中部分反硝化实现特性

以移动床生物膜反应器（moving-bed biofilm reactor,MBBR）为例,考察生物膜系统中部分反硝化NO₂^--N积累特性,并通过耦合厌氧氨氧化验证生物膜系统中部分反硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化（partial denitrification with anaerobic ammonium oxidation,PD+ANAMMOX）工艺的可行性.结果表明,在C/N为3.0,填充率为20%的条件下,经过40 d的富集培养,实现部分反硝化,NO₂^--N积累率达（69.38±3.53）%;接种生物膜NO₃^--N还原酶（nitrate reductase,NAR）活性为0.03 μmol·（min·mg）^-1,NO₂^--N还原酶（nitrite reductase,NIR）活性为0.18 μmol·（min·mg）^-1,富集培养后生物膜NAR活性增至0.45 μmol·（min·mg）^-1,NIR活性降至0.02 μmol·（min·mg）^-1,从酶学角度验证了部分反硝化实现;高通量测序结果显示,Thauera属从0.3%增加至37.27%,在微生物群落中占主导地位,该菌属被认为是部分反硝化过程的主要功能菌.随后与厌氧氨氧化耦合,出水总氮达（6.41±1.50） mg·L^-1,总氮去除率达（88.16±2.71）%,证明了生物膜系统中PD+ANAMMOX的可行性及稳定性.     

嘉陵江入江河段沉积物重金属污染状况评估

为了解三峡水库175 m蓄水前典型支流沉积物中重金属污染程度及其对水生生物的风险状况,在对嘉陵江入江断面10余年连续监测的基础上,利用地积累指数法对金属污染程度进行了评价,采用对数衰减模型对金属污染产生水生生物毒害的风险进行了评估,使用对数衰减模型进行毒性评估在国内尚属首次.评价结果表明,嘉陵江入江断面沉积物污染程度较轻,对水生生物风险较小,各污染物的污染程度大小排列次序为:Hg＞Zn＞Pb＞Cd＞As＞Cu;各污染物对嘉陵江水生生物构成风险的排列次序为:Hg＞Zn＞Pb＞As＞Cd＞Cu.     

不同品种水稻对Cu积累分配的差异

以21个水稻品种（包括常规稻、二系杂交稻、三系杂交稻）为材料,通过室内盆栽试验探讨了Cu在不同品种水稻根-茎-叶-籽粒（糙米）中的积累分配的差异。结果表明,供试水稻品种根、茎、叶、籽粒中Cu含量的均值分别是67.35、16.24、8.29、11.62mg·kg-1,多数水稻品种Cu的含量顺序是根茎籽粒（糙米）叶,但也有少部分水稻品种Cu的含量顺序是根籽粒（糙米）茎叶。各器官的Cu含量在不同品种间存在显著差异,其中以根和籽粒Cu含量的差异最大,茎次之,叶最小。常规稻根部Cu含量显著低于杂交稻,而叶中Cu含量显著高于杂交稻,但两者的茎和籽粒中Cu含量没有明显的差异。三系杂交稻根、茎、籽粒Cu含量显著高于二系杂交稻,而叶的Cu含量两者差异不显著。不同遗传背景的水稻各器官对Cu积累也存在不同程度的差异。相关分析结果表明,不同品种水稻相邻器官（根与茎,茎与叶）的Cu含量呈极显著正相关,相间器官（根与叶、籽粒,茎与籽粒）的Cu含量呈显著正相关,地上部各器官Cu的转运系数相互之间呈极显著的正相关。