污水厂污泥在亚/超临界丙酮中的液化行为

利用直接热化学液化技术,在1000mL的反应釜中,考察了液化温度、污泥/溶剂配比(R1)、催化剂以及溶剂填充率(R2)对污水厂污泥在亚/超临界丙酮中的液化行为的影响.结果表明,约300℃条件下,污泥液化较为彻底,过低或过高的温度液化效果反而较差.当温度超过340 ℃时,丙酮溶剂参与反应能力增强,促进油产率的增加,至380℃时油产率保持稳定.在其他液化条件相同的情况下,发现污泥在R1为10/200、R2为20%、添加5%剂量的NaOH作为催化剂,获得较好的液化效果.红外光谱(FTIR)和气相色谱/质谱分析(GC-MS)分析表明,生物油的主要成分是含氮杂环、羧酸、酯、酮等化合物,主要的官能团包括胺基、羟基、烷基和羰基等.     

超临界机组与凝改抽机组供热方案的能耗分析

针对北方某城市的一个规划采暖供热区域的350MW超临界机组供热和将原有2×220MW纯凝机组改为供热机组供热的两种供热方案,就两种不同供热方案的初投资能耗和运行能耗进行了综合能耗比较,从节能的角度就供热方案的选择给出了参考意见。     

超临界水氧化反应器的研究进展

超临界水氧化以其特有的优点受到人们的广泛关注,但该技术所存在的设备腐蚀以及因盐沉积而堵塞的问题制约了该技术的推广应用。针对超临界水氧化过程中存在的盐析与腐蚀问题,提出了可行的解决途径,开发出一种新型鼓泡塔床反应器。     

超临界水氧化法处理乙醇废水溶液工艺研究

利用自制的间歇式超临界水氧化(SCWO)装置对乙醇废水进行实验研究。实验表明:超临界水在低压下对乙醇废水的氧化效果影响很大,高压下影响逐渐变小;随着温度的升高及停留时间的增加,乙醇废水的去除率随之提高;乙醇废水的最终产物为二氧化碳。实验的最佳工艺条件为:压力30MPa、温度600℃及停留时间30s。     

神经网络预测催化超临界水氧化废水效果的研究

在间歇式反应器中进行催化超临界水氧化DDNP废水试验,考察催化剂浓度、反应温度、压力、停留时间对氧化效果的影响。在实验基础上采用BP神经网络算法,建立以催化剂浓度、反应温度、压力、停留时间作为网络模型的输入层,COD去除率作为输出层的双隐层BP神经网络预测模型,预测催化超临界水氧化废水的效果,仿真结果表明模型预测效果较好。     

Decomposition kinetics of dimethyl methylphospate(chemical agent simulant) by supercritical water oxidation

Supercritical water oxidation （SCWO） has been drawing much attention due to effectively destroy a large variety of high-risk wastes resulting from munitions demilitarization and complex industrial chemical. An important design consideration in the development of supercritical water oxidation is the information of decomposition rate. In this paper, the decomposition rate of dimethyl methylphosphonate（DMMP）, which is similar to the nerve agent VX and GB（Sarin） in its structure, was investigated under SCWO conditions. The experiments were performed in an isothermal tubular reactor with a H2O2 as an oxidant. The reaction temperatures were ranged from 398 to 633℃ at a fixed pressure of 24 MPa. The conversion of DMMP was monitored by analyzing total organic carbon （TOC） on the liquid effluent samples. It is found that the oxidative decomposition of DMMP proceeded rapidly and a high TOC decomposition up to 99.99% was obtained within 11 s at 555℃. On the basis of data derived from experiments, a global kinetic equation for the decomposition of DMMP was developed. The model predictions agreed well with the experimental data.     

Supercritical gasification for the treatment of o-cresol wastewater

The supercritical water gasification of phenolic wastewater without oxidant was performed to degrade pollutants and produce hydrogen-enriched gases. The simulated o-cresol wastewater was gasified at 440-650℃ and 27.6 MPa in a continuous Inconel 625 reactor with the residence time of 0.42-1.25 min. The influence of the reaction temperature, residence time, pressure, catalyst, oxidant and the pollutant concentration on the gasification efficiency was investigated. Higher temperature and longer residence time enhanced the o-cresol gasification. The TOC removal rate and hydrogen gasification rate were 90.6% and 194.6%, respectively, at the temperature of 650℃ and the residence time of 0.83 min. The product gas was mainly composed of H2, CO2, CFL and CO, among which the total molar percentage of H2 and CFL was higher than 50%. The gasification efficiency decreased with the pollutant concentration increasing. Both the catalyst and oxidant could accelerate the hydrocarbon gasification at a lower reaction temperature, in which the catalyst promoted H2 production and the oxidant enhanced CO2 generation. The intermediates of liquid effluents were analyzed and phenol was found to be the main composition. The results indicate that the supercritical gasification is a promising way for the treatment of hazardous organic wastewater.     

超临界氨水改性活性炭及其对CO2的吸附性能

采用超临界氨水改性活性炭(AC),考察了改性AC对CO2的吸附性能,表征了改性前后AC的表面结构和化学性质.实验结果表明,改性温度为150℃制备的改性AC具有最高的CO2吸附量,25℃时吸附量从改性前的0.979 mmol/g增至1.291 mmol/g,增加了约30％.表征结果显示:改性后AC表面成功负载了含氮基团;...     

超临界水中新型奥氏体耐热钢HR80耐腐蚀性能研究

使用反应釜开展新型奥氏体耐热钢HR80在650℃、25 MPa超临界水环境氧化腐蚀试验,获得HR80钢在超临界水中的抗腐蚀性能。利用电子天平对实验前后的试样进行称重测量,利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、X射线能谱仪(EDS)对HR80钢的氧化膜表面形貌、横截面形貌、物相以及氧化膜中元素成分分布进行表征。根据腐蚀增重曲线可知,HR80钢的腐蚀动力学遵循抛物线腐蚀规律。氧化膜为典型的双层结构,外层主要为Fe₃O₄和Fe₂O₃,内层主要由Fe-Cr尖晶石组成。此外,氧化层与基体之间形成了Cr₂O₃氧化膜。提出了HR80钢在超临界水中的氧化过程以及氧化膜形成的主要原因。     

超临界锅炉吹灰调阀改造

某电厂超临界锅炉吹灰调阀在使用过程中长期存在内漏、调节线性差、卡涩以及阀座裂纹等问题,严重影响了吹灰系统的正常运行。针对吹灰调阀存在的内漏以及阀座裂纹问题,分析了产生内漏和阀座裂纹的原因,从阀门结构、阀芯结构、阀门各部件材质、执行机构等方面进行了改造。吹灰调阀改造后,解决了原有阀门存在的内漏、调节线性差、卡涩问题,吹灰系统安全可靠性大幅提升,对同类型锅炉阀门选型及改造有参考意义。