北京奥林匹克公园地表颗粒物粒度特征分析

研究了北京市奥林匹克公园2012年10月和11月4次采集的地表颗粒物的粒度特征,结果表明,奥体公园整体以中小粒径76~830μm的颗粒物为主.人流量较大的区域颗粒物较粗,而有车辆通过或工地附近的区域颗粒物以粒径<300μm为主且更易在中等车流量的道路累积.说明人流量对道路地表颗粒物的组成影响有限,交通流量、建筑施工行为是影响城市公园颗粒物组成的重要因素.雨前干燥期影响颗粒物组成:随着雨前干燥期(≤15 d)的增加,粒径>300μm的颗粒物地表累积量不断下降,粒径<150μm的累积量不断上升,而150~300μm粒径范围的颗粒物受干燥期的影响不明显.道路的材质明显影响颗粒物的累积,与石材路面相比,地表颗粒物更容易在公园沥青路面累积,可以通过改进公园道路的设计,如采用石材路面,降低道路的粗糙度,从而减少颗粒物对公园水体的污染.     

北京城郊冬季一次大气重污染过程颗粒物的污染特征

本研究分析了北京冬季一次大气重污染过程的颗粒物污染特征,通过数学统计方法分析了其形成的可能原因.观测于2013年1月24—31日进行,在西三环城区和大兴郊区使用中流量大气颗粒物采样器采集可吸入颗粒物(PM10)和细颗粒物(PM2.5),并采用离子色谱和元素碳/有机碳分析仪分析了PM2.5上的水溶性离子、元素碳和有机碳浓度.结果表明,本次重污染天气的大气日均能见度低于3.0 km.PM10和PM2.5质量浓度日均最大值分别为675.5和453.4μg·m-3,平均质量浓度为349.2和260.8μg·m-3,超过环境空气质量标准(GB3095—2012)所规定的二级浓度限值.通过比较PM2.5上化学成分的浓度发现,在城区和郊区,此次天气形成的共同污染源为冬季燃煤燃烧、汽车尾气排放和二次有机气溶胶污染;而土壤/沙尘对郊区污染天气的形成有部分贡献.大气中PM2.5质量浓度与能见度呈对数负相关关系.     

能见度与颗粒物质量浓度之间的关系

文章利用江苏省常州市和苏州市PM2.5质量浓度、PM10质量浓度、能见度和相对湿度的观测资料,研究了能见度与PM2.5质量浓度、PM10质量浓度之间的关系以及相对湿度的影响。结果表明,能见度随着PM2.5质量浓度的增大而减小,但减小的速度越来越慢,为了定量描述这种现象,文章定义了一个新的敏感性参数。能见度的减小速度存在一个临界点,该临界点把能见度与PM2.5质量浓度之间的关系分为2部分。这2部分的敏感性参数在常州相差27倍,在苏州则相差16倍。由于颗粒物吸湿增长的作用,临界点所对应的能见度和PM2.5质量浓度随着相对湿度的增大而减小,临界点两侧敏感性参数的差异增大。因此,相对湿度大的地区(如沿海地区)能见度的治理面临着更大的挑战,也拥有更好的机遇。此外,与粗粒子相比,细粒子对能见度的影响更显著。     

Spatial and temporal variation of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants in 26 cities in China

O3and PM2.5were introduced into the newly revised air quality standard system in February 2012, representing a milestone in the history of air pollution control, and China's urban air quality will be evaluated using six factors(SO2, NO2, O3, CO, PM2.5and PM10) from the beginning of 2013. To achieve the new air quality standard, it is extremely important to have a primary understanding of the current pollution status in various cities. The spatial and temporal variations of the air pollutants were investigated in 26 pilot cities in China from August 2011 to February 2012, just before the new standard was executed. Hourly averaged SO2, NO2and PM10were observed in 26 cities, and the pollutants O3, CO and PM2.5were measured in 15 of the 26 cities. The concentrations of SO2and CO were much higher in the cities in north China than those in the south. As for O3and NO2, however, there was no significant diference between northern and southern cities. Fine particles were found to account for a large proportion of airborne particles, with the ratio of PM2.5to PM10ranging from 55% to 77%. The concentrations of PM2.5(57.5 μg/m3) and PM10(91.2 μg/m3) were much higher than the values(PM2.5: 11.2 μg/m3; PM10 : 35.6 μg/m3) recommended by the World Health Organization. The attainment of the new urban air quality standard in the investigated cities is decreased by 20% in comparison with the older standard without considering O3, CO and PM2.5, suggesting a great challenge in urban air quality improvement, and more eforts will to be taken to control air pollution in China.     

Oxidative capacities of size-segregated haze particles in a residential area of Beijing

The frequent haze days around the Chinese capital of Beijing in recent years have aroused great attention owing to the detrimental efects on visibility and public health. To discover the potential health efects of the haze, oxidative capacities of airborne particles collected in Beijing during haze and clear days were comparably assessed by a plasmid scission assay. Eleven water-soluble trace elements(As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, Se, Tl, and Zn) in the size-segregated airborne particles were quantitatively analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and most of the watersoluble trace elements were found to mainly concentrate in the fine particle size of 0.56–1.0 μm. In comparison with clear days, the mass concentrations of 11 analyzed water-soluble trace elements remarkably increased during haze days, and the oxidative capacities determined by the plasmid scission assay were markedly elevated accordingly during the haze days under the same dosage of particles as for those during clear days. Water-soluble trace elements in airborne particles, such as Cu, V, and particularly Zn, were found to have significantly positive correlations with the plasmid DNA damage rates. Because Cu, V, and Zn have been considered as bioavailable elements, the evident increase of these elements during haze days may be greatly harmful to human health.     

PM_(2.5)细颗粒物捕集设备研究应用现状

PM2.5细颗粒物因其粒径小、吸附能力强、环境影响大,同时捕集困难而成为备受世界各国关注的大气环境问题,我国也将PM2.5作为空气质量标准的一项新指标。结合现有的标准和技术条件,对PM2.5细颗粒物有高效捕集效果的新型袋式除尘器、湿式电除尘器、电凝并器、电—袋混合式除尘器,特别是无机膜过滤器的特点、研究应用现状及存在问题进行了概述。     

2013年西安市大气污染物变化特征及成因分析研究

大气污染日益严重.对2013年西安市13个国控环境空气质量自动监测站的6种污染物项目进行分析,西安市首要大气污染物为细颗粒物（PM2.5）和可吸入颗粒物（PM1o）.二氧化硫、氮氧化物、细颗粒物和可吸入颗粒物污染物呈现出春冬高,夏秋低的趋势,为上抛物线型,相关系数为99％,且表现出污染源高度同源性;而臭氧污染趋势为夏秋高,冬春低,与气温的线性相关系数为96％.燃煤、机动车尾气、建筑扬尘是西安市大气污染三大污染源,大气污染防治必须多主要污染源共抓,不断减少污染物排放.     

简述PM2.5对人体健康的影响

本文结合国内外关于PM2.5与健康的研究,简述了PM2.5的性质、来源和对人体健康的影响,并在此基础上对今后相关的研究方向进行了展望。     

成都市冬季相对湿度对颗粒物浓度和大气能见度的影响

利用成都市城区2015年12月的连续在线观测数据,如相对湿度（RH）、能见度、颗粒物（PM₁₀、PM_2.5和PM₁）浓度、气态污染物（SO₂和NO₂）浓度以及PM_2.5中SO₄^2-和NO₃^-浓度,探讨RH对颗粒物浓度和大气能见度的影响.结果表明,高颗粒物浓度和高RH协同作用导致低能见度事件.观测阶段,PM_2.5在PM₁₀中的平均比重为64%,表明成都市冬季细颗粒物污染严重;随着RH增加,PM_2.5/PM₁₀显著增加,表明高RH会加重细颗粒物污染.随着PM_2.5浓度增加,能见度呈幂指数下降;在相同PM_2.5浓度下,RH越高,能见度越低.当颗粒物浓度较低时,RH对能见度的影响作用较强;当颗粒物浓度较高时,大气消光主要由PM_2.5浓度控制,RH对能见度的影响减弱.当RH大于70%时,硫氧化率（SOR）和氮氧化率（NOR）的均值分别从0.27和0.11（RH小于40%）增长至0.40和0.19,表明较高RH对二次硫酸盐和硝酸盐的生成有显著的促进作用,二次硫酸盐和硝酸盐单独或协同影响空气质量.     

京津冀冬季大气混合层高度与大气污染的关系

大气混合层高度(MLH)是影响大气扩散的主要因子之一,其对大气质量评估和污染物的存储量及分布起着重要作用.本实验利用云高仪对2014年污染严重的2月京津冀区域4个站点(北京、天津、石家庄和秦皇岛)MLH进行了同步连续观测,分析了其各自及其区域总体变化特性.结果表明,秦皇岛MLH月均值最高,达到865 m±268 m;石家庄最低,为568 m±207 m;北京和天津介于这两城市之间,分别为818 m±319 m和834 m±334 m;结合气象数据分析发现,辐射和风速是影响混合层高度的主要因素;对4个站点颗粒物浓度与混合层高度的关系研究表明,混合层低于800 m,4个站点细颗粒物浓度均会超过国家二级标准(GB 3095-2012,75μg·m-3),观测期间北京、天津、石家庄和秦皇岛这4个站点混合层高度低于800 m天数所占比例分别为50%、43%、80%和36%.石家庄虽然近地层污染物浓度较高,但是大气混合层以内污染物负荷并不高,不利的大气垂直扩散条件是石家庄近地面长时间高浓度污染的主要原因.研究结果对于认知京津冀区域污染分布现状具有重要意义,并可为区域内污染源合理分布提供科学参考.