麦秸腐解产生的化感物质对小麦生长及产量影响的小试结果

麦秸腐解产生的化感物质对小麦生长及产量影响的小试结果马瑞霞,刘秀芬,袁克林,孙思恩（中科院生态环境研究中心,北京１０００８５）在农业实践中,当人们分析农作物减产原因时,传统的从水、肥、种及病虫害几方面进行分析,而农田中的化学作用长期被忽视．自７０年代...     

The effects of land use and its patterns on soil properties in a small catchment of the Loess Plateau

Due to relatively strong human activities in the hilly area of Loess Plateau,the natural vegetation has been destroyed,and landscape pattern based on agricultural land matrix was land use mosaic composing of shrub land,grassland,woolland and orchard.This pattern has an important effect on soil moisture and soil nutrients.The Danangou catchment,a typical small catchment,was selected to study the effects of land use and its patterns on soil moisture and nutrients in this paper.The results are as follows:The comparisons of soil moisture among seven land uses for wet year and dry year were performed:(1)the average of soil moisture content for whole catchment was 12.11% in wet year,while it was 9.37% in dry year;(2)soil moisture among seven land uses was significantly different in dry year,but not in wet year;(3) form wet year to dry year,the profile type of soil moisture changed from decreasing type to fluctuation-type and from fluctuant type to increasing type;(4)the increasing trend in soil moisture from the top to foot of hillslope occurred in simple land use along slope,while complicated distribution of soil moisture was observed in multiple land uses along slope.The relationships between soil nutrients and land uses and landscape positions were analysed:(1)five nutrient contents of soil organic matter(SOM),total N(TN),available N(AN),total P(TP) and available P(AP) in hilly area were lower than that in other areas.SOM content was less than 1%,TN content less than 0.07%,and TP fallow land and cropland,and higher level in soil fertility was found in crop-fruit intercropping land among croplands;(3)soil nutrient distribution and responses to landscape positions were variable depending on slope and the location of land use types.     

Production of laccase by Coriolus versicolor and its application in decolorization of dyestuffs : (Ⅰ) Production of laccase by batch and repeated-batch processes

The production of laccase by Coriolus versicolor was studied.The effect of cultivation on laccase production by Coriolus versicolor was examined to obtain optimal medium and cultivation conditions.Both batch and repeated-batch processes were performed for laccase production.In repeated-batch fermentation with self-immobilized mycelia, total of 14 cycles were performed with laccase activity in the range between 3.4 and 14.8U/ml.     

“绿色催化”浅述

催化是化学工业的基石。许多国家尤其是发达国家，非常重视催化技术的发展和催化剂的创制，均将催化技术作为新世纪优先发展的领域。催化过程，包括各种形式的化学催化和生物催化，是实现高原子经济反应的重要途径。为克服传统化学反应带来的环境危害，目前，学术界和化工界正致力于发展环境友好的催化过程。     

固定化紫色非硫光合细菌降解活性艳红X-3B的研究

采用聚集－交联法固定化紫色非硫光合细菌用于处理活性艳红Ｘ－３Ｂ染液。比较紫色非硫光合细菌和固定化细胞的某些性质,２种细胞的反应最适温度均为３０－４０℃,固定化细胞的反应最适ｐＨ值范围较宽,为７．５－９．４,热稳定性较好。Ｃｕ（２＋）对２种细胞酶活力均有抑制作用;比较聚集－交联固定化细胞和海藻酸钠包埋固定化细胞的脱色能力,前者比后者酶活力较高,半衰期长,成本低,操作方法简单,易于工业化应用。     

石油污染对真鲷幼体谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶影响的研究

选择厦门港石油烃污染物０＾＃柴油和养殖鱼类赵鲷（Ｐａｇｒｏｓｏｍｕｓ ｍａｊｏｒ）幼体为材料，研究了石油污染对真鲷幼体内脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性变化的影响。结果表明：在本实验剂量范围内，油污对真鲷幼体内脏Ｓｅ－ＧＰｘ总的表现为显著的诱导作用；油污对Ｓｅ－ＧＰｘ活性变化的剂量－效应作用形式表现为抛物线型，即低浓度对酶活性起诱导作用，高浓度则起抑制作用；     

以关键酶为基础共代谢模型的建立——以甲烷细菌共代谢三氯乙烯为例

根据共代谢过程扣特点，详细推导建立了一个以关键酶为中心的综合性数学模型，模型不仅包括传统的基质降解迷率和微生物生长，而且包括关键产诱导，毒性抑制和自我恢复，以及能量的调节等重要因素，模型能够在理解释文献报道的各种实验现象。     

丛枝菌对转Bt基因棉根际土壤营养物质及酶活性的影响

转Bt基因抗虫棉已在全球范围内广泛种植,然而Bt棉根际分泌物是否会影响土壤理化性质及土壤功能尚缺乏深入研究。通过盆栽实验方法,设计不同的棉花品种与是否接种丛枝菌总共4个处理,以此研究Bt棉和接种丛枝菌根真菌对植物根际土壤营养物质含量以及土壤酶活性的影响。结果显示:丛枝菌可以使non-Bt棉和Bt棉根际土壤营养物质中的土壤有机质和土壤总氮含量显著增加,但是对根际土壤全磷却鲜有影响。转基因对于不同品种棉花根际土壤酶,丛枝菌均能有效增强其活性。由此表明,丛枝菌对Bt棉和non-Br棉根际土壤环境均具有改善作用。     

磺胺甲噁唑对猪粪堆肥过程中堆料性质与酶活性的影响

以猪粪、小麦秸秆为材料,研究了磺胺甲噁唑（SMZ）对高温堆肥过程中理化性质（温度、pH值、E₄/E₆）和酶活性（纤维素酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、多酚氧化酶）的影响.结果表明：SMZ对堆肥理化性质的影响与其浓度有关.高浓度（95 mg·kg^-1）SMZ会对微生物活性产生显著抑制作用,表现出堆肥温度难以达到无害化标准,堆料pH值较低（<9.0）.但高浓度（95 mg·kg^-1）SMZ能激活多酚氧化酶活性,且水提浸液E₄/E₆值较低.在堆肥过程中,SMZ对纤维素酶和脲酶活性呈现出“抑制-激活-抑制”的作用,50 mg·kg^-1的SMZ对纤维素酶产生不同程度的激活作用.相比之下,脲酶活性对SMZ的敏感性比纤维素酶更敏感,5 mg·kg^-1的SMZ即能显著抑制脲酶活性,中浓度（50 mg·kg^-1）的SMZ对碱性磷酸酶活性产生了显著的抑制作用.综上,SMZ通过影响酶活性而影响堆肥过程的物质转化.此外,SMZ浓度越大,种子发芽指数越低.当SMZ≥50 mg·kg^-1时,堆肥难以腐熟而对植物毒性较大.